The life and affect of St.Thomas Aquinas Research Paper

The life and affect of St.Thomas Aquinas - Research Paper Example Some claim that the family acquired the name Aquinas from the small Italian town they lived in. Saint Thomas was an exceptional and extraordinary man, who rose above all human challenges to become what he became. The writings and teachings of Saint Thomas were and will be of great impact to humankind. Though he lacked much appreciation, Thomas came to recognition roughly three hundred years ago, when they realized that he was the greatest and most influential catholic teachers of all time (Anonymous). Saint Thomas was so influential that despite his existence many centuries ago, some of his hand written work exist to date and are available in libraries. As such, this paper will provide a description of the life and affect of St. Thomas Aquinas otherwise referred to as a biography. Early life His father was Landulph Aquinas the count of Aquino and his mother Theodore the countess of teano. The Italian family of Aquino was linked to several royals of Europe like Fredrick II and Henry V I. Despite being related to the royals, the Aquino family was poor and lacked all the glory that royalty brings along. Saint Thomas had eight siblings and the family youngest child, and the sixth son of the Aquino. Saint Thomas was of light complexion, big bodied and impressive physique. Like any other human being, Thomas had a thunderstorm phobia or in other words great fear of thunderstorms. This transpired after Thomas witnessed lightning killing his little sister one night and this experience lived with him forever (Schmitz 12). Thomas had a normal life as a child though it halted when he was taken to Monte Casino when he was only nine years old. Education Saint Thomas Aquino left of the abbey of Monte Casino to enroll in religious education when he was only nine years of age. This was the norm or tradition of those early days. Saint Thomas stayed at the abbey until he was 13 years old, the time he left for Naples University to further his religious education. He excelled tremen dously and it is in the university where he explored both the natural and metaphysical work of Aristotle. At the age of nineteen years, Saint Thomas secretly joined the Dominican monks, who were enlisting young scholars at the time. In 1244, young Saint Thomas was ordained and a huge crowd of people attended the big ceremonial event. The good news spread everywhere like bush fire and eventually the family of Saint Thomas leant about the event (McInerny and O'Callaghan). They were very annoyed and thus when they strategized to bring him home despite the family’s state of poverty. They tried all possible means of retrieving their son from the clutches of the Dominicans and even went further to consulting the pope to no avail. As the family was inventing other strategies to kidnap him, Saint Thomas left for Rome at a very short notice and the family was shocked. However, despite his relocation to Rome, his brothers who were in the imperial army captured him. His brothers took hi m to a family castle and imprisoned him for almost two years. The family of Saint Thomas then grasped the chance to discourage and dissuade him from resuming to the Dominican institution. His brother even went ahead and brought him a prostitute into the prison so as to tempt him, but Saint Thomas drove her away holding on in his faith. While still in prison Saint Thomas did not stop studying and learning in his own. His

Short answer quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short answer quiz - Essay Example nly be resolved through significant collaboration between the government and the people in addressing social problems as well as regulation of issues such as health and business. Political progressives had supported the goal of returning sanity in the nation’s political arena through strategies such as introduction of recall aimed at removing non-performing leaders, and referendums which sought to give voters more power (Henretta & Brody, 2010). Political progressives such as Robert M. La Follette particularly played a critical role in the introduction of the direct primaries or the Wisconsin Idea as the model for selecting government leaders. Social progressives, on the other hand, had the goal of liberating the society from social injustices such as discrimination of women and restoration of the minorities’ rights. Some of the social progressives such as Wells-Barnett, Du Bois and Washington fought against racial injustices experienced during the Gilded Age (Henretta & Brody, 2010). The increased inflations and the severe negative impact of the war saw the government strengthen its regulation in the banking sector with the aim of reversing the situation. Woodrow had already initiated such reforms through the establishment of the Federal Bank Reserve Act which was later strengthened through the Clayton Antitrust Act (Henretta & Brody, 2010). Throughout the war period, a significant shift was away from monopolies and elimination of most unfair trade practices through the Federal Trade Commission. World War I resulted in significant success in the accomplishment of some of the union demands as labor became scarcer. Some of the notable achievements included the introduction of fixed wages and involvement of the government in regulating working conditions. A minimum wage and limitation of the working hours to 8 hours were arrived at through the New Deal. World War One came a blessing in disguise for the African Americans as it opened new doors for the

Natural Law and Sexual Ethics by Janet Smith Essay Example for Free

Natural Law and Sexual Ethics by Janet Smith Essay I am honored to be among the lecturers in this series on natural law. Many of the speakers are among my heroes and friends. One of my heroes, Alasdair MacIntyre, used one of his favorite terms in his talk: he spoke of plain persons and their grasp of morality and natural law in contradistinction to the experts and professional philosophers and their grasp of these matters. A few years ago in Dallas he gave a talk entitled Do plain persons need to be moral philosophers? When I was asked to give the response to his talk, I was most honored because I considered Prof. MacIntyre one of the foremost moral philosophers in the world and it was a thrill to comment on his work. I felt dreadfully underqualified — I felt like some high school kid going up against Larry Bird — until I realized that I need not respond as an expert, as a moral philosopher of his caliber, but that I could respond as the quintessential plain person — for that is what I am. After all, I am Janet Smith, daughter of John and Anne Smith; I grew up at 5 Hill Street and went to Home Street School — I could go on but it is all very plain. The point I am making here is not merely a flip one — designed to ease us into more serious matters through an attempt at humor. There is a serious point here — natural law, is the plain persons morality — in a sense it is simply plain old common sense. There are profound and sophisticated ways at explaining natural law, but the practiceof reasoning in accord with natural law principals, according to the theory itself, is natural to plain persons — that is, natural to all mankind for natural law holds that many of the most fundamental principles of moral reasoning are obvious, that is easily known by all. Yet, in spite of the plain commonsensicalness of natural law, it can seem shocking and provocative in many ways, for like natural law, plain old common sense does not command a lot of followers these days and can be shocking when juxtaposed to the values of our times. My talk is going to be very basic in several respects. It will review some of the basic principles that other speakers have covered, some in depth, some more in passing. It will also be very basic in being the one talk that attempts to make an application of natural law to concrete moral issues; issues in the realm of sexual ethics. My job is not to justify natural law ethics but to explain it and apply it. As did many of the earlier speakers I will largely be following the thought of Thomas Aquinas on these matters and of Aristotle from whom Aquinas learned many of the principles that informed his teaching on natural law. I shall also incorporate into my arguments the thought of another stellar natural law theorist, still alive and well: I shall make use of the work of Karol Wojtyla, now known as Pope John Paul II. I will refer to him as Wojtyla simply because I do not want to be thought to be invoking his authority as Holy Father; I cite him simply as a philosopher who has made great advances of our understanding of natural law, particularly in regard to sexual ethics. So let me begin with a review of the principles of natural law. As several other speakers have noted, Aquinas maintains that the first principle of natural law is do good, avoid evil. As he notes, that is a self-evident principle and obvious to all; if we want to be moral we should do good and avoid evil. No controversy here. The question is, of course, what is good and what is evil and how to we come to know which is which? Some think we cant know what is good and evil so the best we can do is live by the conventions of our times. Others think it best to let our passions be our guide to whatever we want to do. Others think only revealed religion can give us absolutes. These three positions capture the predominant views of our times. Aquinas holds none of these positions. He argues that reason should be our guide to morality. Not only does he hold that the first principle of natural law, do good, avoid evil is self-evident, he argues that there are other self-evident first principles, such as harm no man. These he says are imprinted in the minds of all by God; I believe other precepts such as provide responsibly for your offspring, give to each man his due and seek knowledge would qualify as precepts that Aquinas thinks all men know. Men (and I use the term generically here and throughout) may act against these precepts out of passion or because ignorance of some fact operative in a situation, but all would agree that such principles are moral truths. Aquinas goes on to say that what he calls primary precepts of natural law are naturally and immediately known by man; he cites the 10 commandments as examples of these types of precepts. These precepts are justified by the primary principles. From the most general principle give to each man his due, from an understanding of what one owes to ones mother and father, it is clear that one should honor ones father and mother. Now this is not to say that one discovers the moral law by discovering these precepts in a deductive manner moving from the most general to the more particular. Rather, it seems that often moral discovery, as the discovery of other general truths, moves from the particular to the universal. That is, an individual could witness or participate in a transaction and quite immediately make the moral judgment that the act is good or bad. That is, for instance, an individual could witness someone honoring or dishonoring his parents and judge the action to be good or bad; from this action and others of the same sort one may come to formulate the law that one should give each man his due. But it is because we already naturally know — in an unexpressed and unformulated way — that one should give each man his due, that we are able to see readily that honoring ones parents is good. Much in the same way that we, without musical training, can judge certain tones to be off pitch, we have moral perceptions that some actions are good and some bad, without having any explicit training about such kinds of actions. I speak of these as moral perceptions not because they are equivalent to sense perceptions, but because of their immediacy and their unformulated quality; indeed, I believe them to be rational in several important respects, not least because they are cognitive acts and they are in accord with reality. Let me speak now about rationality and the Thomistic claim that one should act rationally. Indeed, one could formulate the first principle of natural law not only in the most basic formula do good, avoid evil; in Thomistic terms, several formulas serve to express the same truth: for Aquinas, the following phrases are synonymous: act in accord with nature; act in accord with reason or act rationally; act in accord with virtue; act in accord with the dignity of the human person; act in accord with a well formed conscience; indeed, act in a loving way, properly understood, serves as well. While it would be of great profit to elaborate how each of these phrases is synonymous with the other, I want to devote most of my efforts here to explaining how act in accord with nature and act in accord with reason are synonymous and worthy guides to moral behavior. First we must try to get as clear as we can what it means to say act in accord with reason or act rationally. In our day, reason often gets a bum rap. This is a fault not of Aristotle or Aquinas but of Descartes and Kant and their followers. Since they retreated into the mind and abandoned the senses and emotions and nature as guides to truth, they made reason seem like something coldly logical, impersonal, abstract and completely devoid of experiential and emotional content. In their view, mathematics and geometry are seen as the quintessential rational acts; to be rational is to operate totally within ones mind and to be completely unemotional. Another view of rationality that dominates modern times is the view that only that which can be measured scientifically deserves any recognition as objective truth. No truths other than those substantiated by scientific proofs — truths that can be quantified largely in the laboratory — count as truth. No proof other than scientific proofs count as truth; only science and that which approximates to scientific truth is truly rational. Neither view is the view of reason and rationality held by the ancients and medievalists — those who defined the view of natural law I am defending here. The ancients and medievalists did not think rationality was possible without the senses and the emotions for both are tools to reading reality; they provide the intellect with the material needed to make a good judgment. The etymology of the word rational is rooted in the word ratio which means measure or proportion. One is being rational when ones thought and action are measured to, are proportionate with, or when ones thought and action correspond with reality (which itself is measured or governed by discernable laws; more about this momentarily). The thought that leads to acting in accord with reality is called rational. Now this thought need not be and perhaps only rarely will be the kind of abstract, cold, logical reasoning of a Descartes, Kant, or research scientist. This thought can be intuitive, creative, poetic, inductive, deductive, indeed, whatever human thought can be. It is all called rational thought not because it proceeds by syllogism or because it is subject to certain scientific tests; it is called rational because it corresponds with reality — and this includes all of reality, the spiritual and the transcendental as well as the logically provable and the scientifically measurable reality. Such thought cannot proceed without abundant data from our senses and our emotions. The intellect processes such data and orders it; it determines what values are important in the data and decides on the appropriate response. If one acts rationally, one then acts in accord with the ordering done by the intellect. While the intellect should govern the emotions, it is not a natural law teaching that all rational behavior will be devoid of emotion. Again, the emotions can provide essential data to the intellect. Emotions that are well-habituated may lead one quite spontaneously to respond correctly to situations. One may spontaneously get angry at witnessing some act of injustice and, if one knows ones emotions to be well-ordered, one could respond quite immediately and correctly to the situation — and even angrily to the situation. Indeed, at times it may be an appropriate response to reality to rant and rave. One doing so, is properly called rational, in spite of our common parlance. This talk of the mind and of rationality as something that is measured to reality suggests, as mentioned above, that reality is a thing that can be grasped. Natural law depends upon such. It rests upon the claim that things have natures and essences that we can know and correspond our actions to. There are many reasons for making this claim. One is the fact that things act in a predictable fashion; when we learn the properties of oil and water, for instance, we can predict certain things about their behavior. The fact that we build bridges which stand, that we make artificial hearts that work, that we put men on the moon, also indicates we are able to measure our thoughts to the external world and to act in accord with it. Moreover, natural law operates on the premise that nature is good; that is, that the way things naturally are is good for them to be; it holds that the operations of things and parts of things contribute to the good of the whole. The wings of different birds are shaped in certain fashions because of the sort of flying that they must do to survive; different digestive systems work in different ways because of what is being digested. Indeed, natural law holds that the natural instincts of natural things are good; they lead them to do what helps those things function well and helps them survive. Since natural things have an order there is said to be a ratio or order to them; not one of which they are conscious but one that is written into their functioning. Natural law holds that we live in a universe of things that have a ratio to them and that we shall get the best out of these things if we act in accord with the ratio or nature that is written into them. Now, man is a natural thing. He, too, has parts and operations and instincts that enable him to function well and to survive. Man differs from other creatures in that he has free will; that is, he can either cooperate with his nature or act against his nature, whereas other natural things have no such freedom. What enables man to be free is his reason, his rationality; he is able to weigh and measure different courses of action and to determine which actions are good or bad. According to natural law, those actions are good which accord with his nature and with the nature of other things. Since man is by nature a rational animal, it is good for him to act in accord with his reason. By acting rationally he is acting in accord with his own nature and with a reality that is also ordered. When he acts rationally, he acts in accord with his own nature and reality and in accord with the nature and reality of other things. Now, lets get concrete. Lets talk about acting in accord with the nature of a few specific things. Take tomato plants, for instance. Tomato plants have a certain nature. In order to have good tomato plants one must act towards these plants in accord with their nature; one must water them, give them sunlight and good soil if one wants to produce good tomato plants. Such is acting in accord with nature in respect to tomato plants, such is rational behavior in respect to tomato plants. If ones tomato plants fail to produce tomatoes, one knows that one is doing something wrong; if ones tomato plants produce good tomatoes, one knows one is doing something right. Prof. Charlie Rice, whose book Fifty Questions on Natural Law that I understand several of you are reading, speaks of the rationality of putting oil and not molasses in the engine of a car. One needs to act in accord with the nature of things if one wishes them to perform well. So now let us, moving quickly, move to human nature. If a human being wishes to function and perform well, what does his nature require of him? Let us begin with his physical nature. There is a considerable consensus about what makes for physical health and what is conducive to physical health. Those who dont get sick, who are able to function well in their daily activities, who are not overweight, we call healthy. We know how to produce such individuals. We are regularly and rightly advised to eat well, exercise regularly, and to get plenty of sleep. Those who do so generally flourish physically — because they are acting in accord with nature, with reason, and with reality. Psychological health is also understood to some extent; we know we need friends and rest and interests to sustain our psychological health; that is our nature; that is reality. Nor are we in the dark about what makes for moral health or moral goodness. We recognize the goodness of the various virtues such as self-discipline, reliability, justice and fairness, kindness, truthfulness, loyalty, etc. those who exhibit these qualities we generally recognize to be good — that is morally good — human beings. Parents who have children who display such qualities are rightly proud of them; their tomato plants turned out well. So, in regard to sexual behavior, to sexual moral health, so to speak, what qualifies as acting in accord with nature, with reason? How do we determine what it is? Now, for Aquinas, these are not difficult questions, though, apparently, they are extremely difficult questions for modern times. We are terribly confused about what proper sexual behavior is. College newspapers are filled with news of campuses that are devising codes of moral sexual behavior — codes that are designed primarily to stop or reduce the incidence of date rape on campus. These codes suggest, mandate, require — I am not certain what is the correct word — that in sexual activity neither individual proceed to the next level of sexual activity without obtaining the permission of the other individual. These codes reflect what has been the principle governing sexual behavior in modern times for sometime — whatever one feels comfortable with and whatever one agrees to is morally o. . This is basically what we are teaching to our young people and they are doing much what one would expect given that teaching. As long as it feels good, and they have consented to it, there is no reason for them not to do it. Is this working; is this principle leading to moral health or moral sickness? What can we say about the moral sexual health of our society? What does the fact that 68% of African-American babies are born out of wedlock suggest? The figure is now 22% in the white community and rapidly growing.

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Steel framing construction is classified as one of the Industrialised Building System. However, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is common in construction industry in Malaysia. Steel framing is becoming more common in residential construction. The use of steel for framing residential construction has both advantages and disadvantages. Steel frame elements are manufactured in the factory and then will be transported to a job site for installation once it passed the inspection on it quality standard. This method has its own significance and shortage. Construction site take very high attention on the safety aspect especially when the construction is running. Safety is an issue that has no end and every year will have accidents occurred on construction site. However, it can be lead to accidence that may cause injured or dead to worker or public. Steel framing construction also having their own risk and hazard in its construction process during the installation component although it was convenient to install. For example steel column base plates are a fundamental component of a steel structure. Poor base plate installation can lead to steel columns tipping over, which can cause severe injuries or death to worker in the area. The experiences contractor on steel framing installation knows there are procedures required to pull off a high level of quality, customer satisfaction and most important safety. To make installation run smoothly it is the best to have experienced worker or else have a good safety and health management to guide and control the workers to comply with the safety rules. By the way, the major problem was poor attitude of the worker and poor management system. Aim and Objectives The overall objective for this proposal is to investigate and evaluate the safety aspects in steel framing construction. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: 1. To study the process of installation steel framing component. 2. To identify the safety aspect and the requirement during the installation process steel framing component at site. 3. To identify the level of safety during installation process at site. Problem Statement The Industrialised Building System (IBS) is not a new approach in Malaysia. It has been introduced in Malaysia since 1966. However, the most steel framing construction accidents occur because the developer or contractor lack of proper planning or using the unsafe equipments and do not follow the correct method when installation. Apart from this, unsafe site condition, not using the safety equipment that was provided, and poor attitude of workers toward safety during installation process also the issues that causes accident. Therefore, it indicated that there is lack of consideration of safety and risk evaluation in IBS construction. Based on the information from Social Security Organization (SOCSO), Malaysia recorded a worrying increase in the numbers of accident occurring at construction site. It shows that a total of 4654 out of 73858 industrial accidents recorded in 2003 were come from the construction industry. (Mohammed Taher Alashwal, 2008). But it different if used steel framing system, the statistic from CIDB shows the accidents are 50% from heavy lifting, 20% installation, 10% other factor, and other 10% from during transportation component to storage accidents. Scope of study The scope of this study is focussed on safety aspects on installation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) which specific in steel framing construction. This study is to identify the safety aspect during the steel framing construction at the installation stage. The information will be collected from observation, interviews, internet resources, journal and some of the documents. 1. This study covers Industrialised Building System specific in steel framing. 2. This study identifies the safety requirements within the installation stage of steel framing construction. 3. Information will be collected at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor area. Methodology Interview In this research proposal, interviewed is to be conducted with the contractor which are using steel framing system for their project or any other relevant position of staff within construction site to get the information. 4 to 5 interview question will be set which related to my research objective there are to identify the safety aspect and requirement during the installation process of steel framing component at site and to identify the level of safety during installation process at site. After that, I will do an summary based on the information that I collect from the respondent. Face to face interview will be conducted and several questions will be asked and the answer will be recorded down. Face to face interview is chosen because it was very convenient for the respondent and interviewee to discuss and different date collection techniques can be used for example open-ended questions and visual aids can improve the understanding of interviewee. Desktop based review To improve my understanding and experience to do future thesis, I will using desktop based review as my secondary data collection techniques which reading through the articles, journal papers, conference papers, books and websites browsing related to my title. Through this method I can have better understanding on the process of installation steel framing component before I go to the construction site visit to do observation. So when I go to the site visit, I can directly go to the point of the installation process and can easily understand the information given by the respondent to get the good idea to write my research. Review of previous research and book done by other people also make me more familiar with the correct way to do research in this topic and also increase the accuracy. Observation Besides, observation will as my one of the method to collect data to identify the level of safety during installation process at site. Besides, I also will observe on the process of installation steel framing component to fulfil my objective. I will make appointment with the contractor which using steel framing system to have a site visit at his construction site to observe the going of project specific in installation process of steel framing system. I also will take a reference on the lay out plans for steel frame component, steel frame installation guide, and other communications which provide by contractor. The important of study Through this research, the contractor which specific on steel framing construction can use this as a guide for them to review their safety requirement when installation of the steel framing component to reduce the rate of accident of construction work in Malaysia.

Water Management in Jordan Essay -- Environmental Management Science

Water shortage is a global problem and the consequences of water deficit can be a future crisis. According to Hasan Ali (2002, 1-3) the world large water deficient region is the Middle East. Jordan is one of the water-scarce countries in this area, Jordan is similarly in the top of ten water-deficient countries. The reasons of this problem are the features of nature such as semi-arid climate, few water sources and low precipitation. Because of that, the country has the lowest per head basis of water in the world. The other reasons are social effects namely rising population, resulting from a high degree of urbanization, gain of engineering systems and economic development (Akawwic et al. 2009, 197-198). The aim of this essay is to suggest the most effective solutions to avoid the future crisis in Jordan. Four solutions will be analysed in this essay: firstly, adoption of irrigation systems; secondly, water harvesting; thirdly, desalination; fourthly, water management. Initially, the largest customer of water resources is the agriculture sector. It is a really danger for Jordan because the statistics show that water consumption of agriculture is about 80 % of all water. Therefore, firstly, the suitable solution is to reduce water consumption of agriculture (Akawwic et al 2010, 201). It could be realized with using effective irrigation methods such as drip or micro irrigation (ibid.,202). The irrigation methods, in particular, â€Å"furrow and basin irrigation†, which were often used in past, required large quantities of water. Therefore, these approaches were substituted by micro irrigation, in order to economize water resources (Abbasi et al 2010, 337). Generally, micro irrigation is the favourable and effective method, but there is in... ...October 24, 2010 ) Beithou. N. 2006. Proposed water management and control device for water losses problem in Jordan. J.Environ. Eng. Sci. 5:443-446. EBSCOhost http://www.search.ebscohost.com / (accessed November 5, 2010) Hasan Ali, B. 2002. Modern and Traditional Irrigation Technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Water-demand management in the Mediterranean. 2nd ed. Ottawa, ON, CAN: IDRC Books. Ebrary http://site.ebrary.com/lib/astana/ (accessed ) Hassan,Y, F. Molle and J-P. Venot. 2008. Irrigation in the Jordan Valley: Are water pricing overly optimistic? Agricultural Water Management. 95:427-438. Science Direct http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (accessed October 24, 2010 ) Mohsen. S. 2007. Water strtegies and potential of desalination in Jordan. Desalination. 203: 27-46. Science Direct http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (accessed November 5, 2010 )

Disparity Between The Passion Of The Christ by Mel Gibson and The Bible

"The Passion of the Christ" by Mel Gibson, recounts the last twelve hours of the life of Jesus of Nazareth, portraying his arrest, trial, crucifixion and death. One of the most popular religious movies in modern times, it therefore becomes susceptible to criticism. Although the film is based upon the stories within the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, there are many exaggerations and non-biblical elements present in the movie. This is not unexpected, since it is a movie, but the vivid detail of the brutality in the movie as well as the Anti-Semitic theme are the most publicly criticized elements of the movie. The Passion emphasizes the brutality Jesus endured to give himself for his people, but at the same time in the movie the Jews are the ones that cry for his death. During several scenes of The Passion of the Christ, there are elements such as characters, themes, and motifs that are not found within the gospels, but are in the movie to add more dramatic elements. One of the most common arguments about The Passion is that it is focused on the intentional blaming of the Jews for the death of Jesus Christ. Throughout the movie, and in particular the scenes where he is held before Pontius Pilate and Caiaphus, Jesus is berated and blamed for blasphemy by his own people, a notion that is not explicitly talked about within the Bible. It is obvious in the movie and the Bible though, that Jesus has no bad intentions or threats to anybody, yet he becomes the enemy. The implied reason for this is that the Jews rejected Jesus and God. But why are the ideas of love and freedom that Jesus is promoting, in the movie and the Bible, so evil and unacceptable according to the people and high priests? At most of t... ... that the whole Earth experiences the consequences of his crucifixion and death. Also, in the gospel of Luke, it is noted that one of the thieves being crucified asks of Jesus, "Remember me when you come into your kingdom", and Jesus accepts his recognition. In the movie, the other thief just laughs at this conversation, and a raven lands upon his cross and pecks out his eyes. This is not detailed in the gospels, but is added into the movie as a sign of karma. The slight differences in The Passion of the Christ and the gospels' accounts are made to create a more dramatic feeling for the viewer. The addition of devils and Satan to the story adds more emotion, and stresses the dedication Jesus had to his people. Overall, the differences between the stories are to show a more creative depiction of the sacrifice and determination that Jesus gave for his people.

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn :: essays papers

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Francie Nolan, A Questing Hero In the fictional novel, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Betty Smith tells the life experiences of one girl growing up in Brooklyn, New York. The main character of the book, Francie, fulfills the pattern of a questing hero. Smith leads the reader through the high points of Francie's life as well as the low. One learns of all the obstacles Francie accomplished and while reading, begins to love and appreciate the girl. The reader is first introduced to Francie when she is at the age of eleven. Francie is an average, normal girl growing up in Brooklyn in the year 1912. She doesn't have many friends and her family doesn't have much money, however she enjoys reading and is constantly finding ways to amuse herself. Being as young and innocent as she is, life seems nearly perfect for Francie. Eventually though, Francie realizes that this isn't the case and, in a sense, looses a bit of her innocence. On her thirteenth birthday, Francie starts to write in a journal. She begins by writing, "Today I am a woman". In just too short years, Francie grew, learned, and changed immensely. She is a completely different person than the one who existed two years earlier, both physically and mentally. Francie learned the serious and nearly devastating news that her father is a drunk, and she begins writing entries in her journal such as 'Jan 10: Papa sick today'. In her journal, Francie also wrote about her curiosity with sex. By this point in the book, Francie is no longer the girl that the reader first met, but she is now a young woman. Although under a fake identity, Francie begins attending school and finds that she truly enjoys it. However, on her way home from school one day, at age fourteen, Francie experiences a horrific moment, one that can never be forgotten. She was molested and nearly raped by a neighborhood sex fiend. As if not traumatizing enough, Francie also watched her mother shoot the man in her defense. Not long after this, an even greater event takes place in Francie's life. She is informed of her father's death, that she is told had been caused of pneumonia. Coping with her father's death is a struggle, yet Francie begins to live life again with the love of her family and by keeping herself preoccupied with other tasks.

Critical Discussion on Watson’s and Skinner’s Versions of Behaviourism Essay

Behaviourism concept emerged at a period when the societal disarticulation as a result of speedy industrialization of American society needed novel approaches of social organization. This was to act as a replacement to Victorian mores of minute-town rural lifestyle (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68). At this time, positivists like Walter Lippmann invited psychologists to assist devise approaches, and the lately recognized science of psychology, enthusiastic to signify its position as an autonomous discipline, responded by assertively endorsing itself in terms of societal utility (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68). That said, behaviourism premise emanated from the work of an American psychologist John B. Watson. He did assert that psychology as a discipline was never concerned with human mind or consciousness, but rather concerned with just behaviour. This way, Watson claimed that humans could be examined, studied or evaluated impartially just like apes and rats (Cohen 1987, p. 71). Behaviourism according to Watson’s version was a stab to shun the complexities of trying to study human consciousness by limiting scientific attention to evident, overt or blatant behaviour. This version was coupled with a pivotal ambition to put in place much more thorough ways or methods to experimental research as well as report writing. Thus, the key task of psychology was none other than recognition of laws governing the link between behavioural responses and environmental stimuli, and psychology was cast as an attachment to physiology (Richards 2009, p. 35). In this way, Watson believed that psychology would provide knowledge that could be utilized to the prediction as well as control of behaviour. Therefore, his version of classical behaviourism did possess several distinct characteristics, such as: †¢ It was tremendously environmentalist †¢ Its practical vocabulary was mainly limited to not many non-mentalistic terms †¢ Its explanations were exceedingly reductionist, and †¢ The version was majorly concerned with investigational methodology (Richards 2009, p. 35). In the early 1920s, Watson assimilated the concepts of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist and included Pavlov’s ideas of reinforcement and conditioning as key theoretical notions to his classical behaviourism version. Pavlov had done a number of studies on the animal’s responses to environmental conditioning. In his best triumphant experiment, he did ring a bell as he took a number of meals to some dogs. In doing so, each and every time dogs did hear the bell ringing they knew pretty well that a meal was ready, and would start salivating (DeMar 1989, p. 1). On one instance, Pavlov did ring the bell devoid of taking food, but the dogs continued salivating since they had been habituated, conditioned or trained to salivate each time they hear a bell ringing. Watson asserted in his behaviourism version that humans responded to environmental stimuli just in the similar way (DeMar 1989, p. 1). However, Watson’s classical behaviourism was regarded too crude, he himself did refrain from academia after a divorce scandal. In his wake, several neo-behaviourists, including B. F. Skinner, Clark L. Hull and Ernest R. Hilgard took over the doctrine in an array of directions. On a different perspective, the well-known architect of a radical or less mechanistic behaviourism version was B. F. Skinner, whose premises of operant conditioning did attest potent enough to be utilized in a number of settings (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68). At times grounded in stylish mathematical learning theories, but much more frequently established on instinctive rules of thumb, behavioural techniques were used in psychotherapy, medicine, education, advertising, business and management of mental hospitals and prisons. Given its predictable comparing of lower animals to humans, together with its firm permeation into such conventionally humanist territories as the curative education and art, it’s doubtless that Skinner’s version of radical behaviourism has long provoked controversy (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68). What’s more, today’s behaviourism is associated with B. F. Skinner, who attained his reputation as a radical behaviourist by experimenting Watson’s assertions in the laboratory. His laboratory experiments coupled with a number of researches led him to snub Watson’s exclusive allegations on conditioning and reflexes. Skinner avowed that humans not only respond to their surroundings, but operate on their surroundings to give rise to explicit consequences (Skinner, Catania & Harnad 1988, p. 3). Furthermore, Skinner came up with the ‘operant conditioning’ theory, the notion that human behave the way they do as this sort of behaviour has had explicit effects long-ago. For instance, if a boy kisses a girl when she gives him flowers, then the girl will be expected to come with flowers when she wants a kiss from him. Thus, the girl will be acting in anticipation of specific reward. Contrary to Watson, Skinner rejected the idea that feelings or the human mind play a part in determining behaviour. He instead insisted that an individual experience of reinforcements determines his or her behaviour (Skinner, Catania & Harnad 1988, p. 10). Therefore, according to radical behaviourism version, one of Skinner’s objective was to shape humans’ behaviour in away to respond in a much more socially tolerable way. In his operant conditioning theory he was absolutely clear that his theory ought to be applied to guide human behaviour (Shaffer 2005, p. 45). Moreover, Skinner’s experimental analysis of human or general behaviour has resulted in an effectual, effective and efficient technology, pertinent to psychotherapy, education, as well as the design of cultural practices generally (Shaffer 2005, p. 46). In conclusion, the ethical effects of both Watson’s and Skinner’s versions of behaviourism are immense. An individual is stripped off his or her freedom, dignity, responsibility and reduced to a merely natal being, to be ‘shaped’ by behaviourists who encompass the ability to apply the tools of behaviourism efficiently. Bibliography Cohen, D. (1987). Behaviorism, Oxford Companion to Mind, Richard, L. , ed. NY; Oxford University Press. DeMar, G. (1989). Behaviorism. [Online] available < http://www. forerunner. com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism. html> Richards, G. (2009). Psychology, key concepts. Milton Park; Routledge. Shaffer, D. (2005). Social & personality development. Belmont; Walworth. Skinner, B. , Catania, C. , & Harnad, S. (1988). Selection of behaviour, operant behaviourism of Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Melbourne; Cambridge Syndicate Press. Wightman, R. , & Kloppenberg, J. (1995). A companion to American thought. Massachusetts; Blackwell.

Metaphysical Poetry Essay

In the view of some critics, poems of this period have ‘delighted, puzzled and alienated readers’. What do you consider to be the demands and rewards for the readers of Metaphysical poetry? Refer in detail to at least three poems from this section of the anthology. You should consider the argument of the poems and the poet’s choices of language and verse form. Metaphysical poetry bases its ideas on explaining an extended metaphor, often on important and intellectual subjects such as the transience of life, mans relationship with God and love, in a context that entertains readers rather than boring them. This extended metaphor is known as the metaphysical conceit. It is often subtle, and therefore to some readers can be overlooked. However, for the readers who are able to uncover it, it can provide a deeper insight into the true meaning of the poem and can also make them question their own views on the subject, this is the reward intellectual readers receive from reading metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is often directed at intellectual readers. Some phrases in the poems would require prior knowledge to understand. This means that not all readers would be able to grasp the true meaning of the poem, or would overlook phrases. For example, in To His Coy Mistress Marvell uses several biblical references, such as ‘I would love you ten years before the flood’. This refers to Noah’s ark, and the flood depicted in the Bible. By using this image he is expressing that he would love her ten years before the beginning of time, and this is a subtle but strong compliment to his love. He also uses another biblical reference, ‘And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews’. Those with prior knowledge would understand the idea that the Jews will never convert. The speaker in the poem is saying that she could refuse him forever and he would still love her. A reader who does not have biblical knowledge would surely overlook these phrases, but a reader who understands the strong compliments in this statements would have a much more enjoyable read of the poem, and would discover an extra level of meaning. This is one of the rewards of reading and understanding Metaphysical poetry. The idea of religion works in metaphysical poetry more than just in references to create subtle ideas. Religion is a common topic in Metaphysical poetry. Poems such as Love by George Herbert are based entirely around religion. In this poem, the speaker describes his interaction with God. This image of God is also personified as Love, and may suggest that God is love. Again, some readers may overlook this, and not realise that the person described in the poem is actually God. The way we can see that this figure is God is due to the use of lexis from the semantic field of religion. Words such as ‘sin’, ‘soul’, ‘Lord’ and ‘serve’ are all present, and this lexis is common in religious literature. The idea of religion works both ways, however. In To His Coy Mistress, although there is some reference to religion – as discussed earlier – there are also several phrases that don’t give an image of religion. The phrases ‘deserts of vast eternity’ is used to describe the afterlife, and this is an image that many Christians would not believe to be the afterlife. Marvell is suggesting a different view from the idea that everyone will go to either Heaven or Hell, an advanced view for a man living in an extremely religious time. One major device metaphysical poets use is the idea of a metaphysical conceit. All the metaphysical poems uses a metaphor to compare dissimilar things. For example, in Robert Herrick’s To Daffodils people are likened to daffodils, in relation to the transience of life. He uses phrases such as ‘haste away so soon’, and ‘We have short time to stay as you’. He is saying that, like daffodils, people will die too. This is a strange concept, but as you read the poem you begin to understand his logic. It would take a sophisticated mind to understand the ideas Herrick presents, but those who do understand would receive a deeper understanding of his argument. Structurally, Metaphysical poets use structure to present ideas in a clear and logical fashion. The ideas are often complex, and so, like an essay about a complicated topic, structure helps the reader understand. One common form of structure is to separate the poem into parts, each with an argument that leads to a clear conclusion. In To His Coy Mistress Marvell separates his argument into three parts. In the first part he describes what he would do if he had all the time in the world, how he would ‘adore each breast’ for two hundred years. However, in the second part he describes how he does not have that amount of time to adore her, and that she would die long before, and ‘worms shall try that long-preserved virginity’. In the final part Marvell concludes that as he does not have the time to adore her how he wishes, she should yield to his passion. This is a developed argument in three parts, and is a form of syllogism. It helps the reader understand the intent of the poem in a similar way to using paragraphs would in an essay. Rhythm is also used in metaphysical poetry to express the writers values. In To Daffodils the writer is presented as a person who has an unusual lack of trepidation for death. The opening quatrain is written in a mixture of iambic tetrameter and trimeter. This gives it a childish and nursery rhyme like rhythm. This helps to show the reader how the writer is uncaring about the situation, and is almost nonchalant about death. The line ‘stay, stay’, puts a halt to the childlike rhyme, but in a way could be perceived to make the first stanza sound almost like a lullaby. This makes the poem seem very calm and simple, feelings not usually associated with death and the transience of life. Feeling the effects of this rhythm show the reader the true feelings of the writer in a way many would not see. In conclusion, the metaphysical poets used many different devices to hide away many of the main ideas of their poems. Whilst many readers can understand the basic idea of the poem, they will not gain a full understanding of the point the poet is trying to make unless they have the knowledge and understanding required of a reader of Metaphysical poetry. For this reason, many will feel puzzled and alienated, whilst others will be truly delighted once they have gained the deeper understanding.

Deli Depot Fast Food Restaurants Strategy

Deli Depot Fast Food Restaurants Strategy Executive Summary Deli depot is a chain of fast food restaurants and experiencing some difficulties in penetrating the market. Losses have been recorded in the past financial year, all being attributed to poor marketing strategies, sub-standard services offered and poor pricing of the food amongst other factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Deli Depot Fast Food Restaurants Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is need to strategise on how the business can be accepted within its area of operation and this can be improved by increasing the depot’s reputation within the specific competitive environment. The business should make more use of the media to improve on its publicity and also improve on the quality of its services. Introduction Market research refers to the process where there is systematic gathering of reports about consumers, competitors and the market after which they are analyzed to pr oduce the expected results. The research always help in doing various things such as launching new product or service, improving on the existing products and services and expansion of new markets. It is also used for identifying the potential places where a particular product can do well. This is usually generated on the basis of age, gender, location and most importantly the level of income (Hair et al, 2008). Market research consequently helps companies when it comes to decision making on development issues and new products, it basically represents the consumer in relation to the company’s products. It is used by business owners in day to day basis. It is used basically to find sellers and in making crucial business decisions. It is used to find out the need of the market and whether the items already in sale need some modifications to meet the market requirements and vice versa. The goal here is to come up with the best approach that can help in the process of acquiring, d istributing and supporting supplies and services (Hair et al, 2008). Market research plan Methodology Defining the research problem The Deli depot recorded a loss in the past financial year; the business has increasingly lost customers from far distances and also experienced low sales. The business wants to set out programs that will enable it cut down on expenses and at the same time increase the volume of the sales in all their centres of operation. The business needs some strategies on how to overcome the competition posed by other related business in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives To improve on the sales of the business hence increasing the profit margin To strategise on how to take over the market from other competitors To come up with a good team of employees with the right attitude towards the business. Research Design The descript ive research was used where the consumers were approached to answer some questions concerning the business and the market. Research questionnaires were used both structured and un-structured to obtain the primary data. Collecting and analyzing data The raw data was collected from the questionnaires distributed to 150 respondents, was verified, corded, tabulated and then recorded on the excel sheet for analysis. Results SECTION 1 1 = Strongly disagre 10 = Strongly Agree Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 MODE 4 8 4 5 7 AVERAGE 5 7 4 3 6 SECTION 2 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 MODE 3 5 3 5 2 2 3 AVERAGE 2 5 4 6 1 1 2 SECTION 3 6 = Most Important Reason 1 = Least Important Reason Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 MODE 0 5 4 1 2 AVERAGE 0 4 5 1 2 Gender 0 – female 1- male Statistical Analysis Findings covering analysis of the Market research plan The amount of money spent on marketing the business reduced in 2007. The new shopping centre recorded a loss despite high sales in 2 007. The customers streamed in during the massive advertisements on the launching date then suddenly the number went down, this was due to poor marketing strategy, Deli Deport has used the same brand and methods for fairly a long time.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Deli Depot Fast Food Restaurants Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is need for change in advertisements to match the current taste of the generation (Hair et al, 2008). According to the questionnaires the public revealed that there has been a drop in the quality of interaction between employees and the customers. The food prices are not that affordable to most consumers. The employees have been competent enough in their service and have offered the customers satisfactory quality food. The depot has not offered the consumers with a wide variety of food, their menu is rather restrictive. The consumers always prefer to dine in restaurants th at are hospitable, having friendly and competent employees. They also like where they are offered wide variety of food and the service prompt. There is also the decline on the number of people that dine in hotels, the level of satisfaction has declined thereby customers rarely recommend the restaurant to others. The business spent less in marketing the company through advertisement in 2007, there was also a decline in the public relations. This can be attributed to low sales realised in the 2007 financial year (Hair et al, 2008). The data on the SPSS shows that there were more female heavy users than male and higher percentage of male light users than female. The percentage on usage indicated that Deli deport attracted more heavy users than light users this might be attributed to the food prices. Deli deport need to strategise on how to get hold of the light users by offering variety of food and making good use of advertisement. In the issue of area coverage the deport has attracted only those within its locality i.e. those living at close range, this is contrary to previous years when it received customers from further distances most of which were female (Hair et al, 2008) . Majority of the customers spend averagely $10 to $20 most of them being female. This shows that Deli depot attracted mostly the middle class earners. Higher percentage of people that drive to the deport come from within 1 km range and most spend averagely $10 to $ 20. The number of friendly employees within the depot is moderate tending to attract averagely, excel data X1. The number frequenting the deport due to prices is on the decline as shown by excel data X2. The high number of competent employees has also boosted the depot’s validity Excel data X3. Majority prefers wide variety of food and fast service X5 and X6.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies and Recommendations Deli depot lacks some theoretical and practical framework that can enable them to check and study the relationship existing between the structure of the behaviour of the employees and its ability to attract constituent support (Hair et al, 2008). The research has shown that most people rely on the reputation of business organizations when making decisions on who to purchase from and sometimes where to seek employment (Jones et al, 2000). By looking at this the depot can improve on its ability to attract and retain customers. The Marketing officer can rely on corporate reputation in times of decision making in the areas such as purchases of products, recruiting employees and deciding on the business operations in different towns and shopping centres. Corporate reputation also influences the ability of a company to attract and retain consumers (Yoon et al, 1993; Fombrun and Shanley, 1990). The depot generated a lot from its new outlet during the first da ys of launching because of the publicity it was accorded. This clearly indicated that business organizations can only manage their good name by investing a lot in individual images through advertisements in the media and information intermediaries (Balmer and Gary, 1999: Ruth and York, 2004). This will help in availing the identity of the business to the public. The individual experiences should also be given a priority and the public relation department allocated more funds (Alessandri, 2001; Cornelissen, 2000). The marketing research is always open to bias arising from statistical analysis and many other sources. The errors related to statistical analysis are realised from the failure to use appropriate statistical methods. This ranges fro the failure to adjust for confounding variables, or failure to appreciate the assumption of normality and equality of variance underlying the parametric significance tests. To avoid the bias, the market researcher must first of all try to unders tand the research problem from the perspective of the consumers. This is so as to avoid the lack of sensitivity and the understanding that may arise from the consumers cultural behaviours. The other measure that the business can take is to hire researchers from different cultural back ground so that the different facets of the research problem can be well handled (Hair et al, 2008). The business also needs to include rigorous study design and hence employ various techniques especially in the quantitative research. The observers need to be recognized as research instruments and the information obtained should be considered tentative till corroboration by information collected through other means possible (Hair et al, 2008). The restaurant also needs to evaluate the research on the basis of economic condition. The researcher should evaluate the restaurants in terms of the region where they are situated. This will give the researcher a good sample to work with. Other factors such as ma rket potential index, population, inflation, unemployment rate social class should be considered when deriving the questionnaires. The cultural factors must also be considered for this will give the business the know how on particular dishes preferred in a particular area. This may include the people’s attitude, differences in lifestyle, religion, language, literacy, values, gender roles and role of family. There is the need to improve on the brand name, that is to say include data on both local and foreign consumers consuming their dishes so as to give an impression that their food is of international quality. The marketing manager is therefore under obligation to ascertain the consumer segment and the food offered in order to produce a preferable strategy that would convey their brand name effectively to the targeted market. A new brand positioning strategy should be designed to enable the marketing manager strengthen their brand’s equity in the market competition. A nother strategy that they can adopt is the use of the local consumer culture positioning (Hair et al, 2008). This helps in associating the brand name with the local cultural meaning reflecting their norms and identities. This depends on the locality and can well be used in the shopping centres. This also calls for need to understand the consumer evaluations of the brands. Market analysis need to be done on the target market first. This is especially in shopping centres before any new branch is launched. The information on the competitors, consumers and the kind of food stuff preferred should be obtained first. The techniques to be employed include; customer analysis, competitor analysis, risk analysis, product research, advertising research and e-mail survey. The use of the internet in the modern technology can easily make the restaurant to be in touch with its customers i.e. the use of face book. It easily generates more business from the already identified customers since no maili ng and printing costs are involved. It ensures instant delivery which save quite on time (Hair et al, 2008). Conclusion The current business organization behaviours based on reputation quotient may not as much indicate the attractiveness of a business to consumers when basically compared to the potential employees and consumers (Fombrum et al, 2000). The product or service branding has a lot of implications in the marketing of any business. Findings have shown that the consumers always are willing to pay higher prices for products that are from the highly reputable business organizations (Devine, 2001; Landon and Smit, 1997). The economic and the social performance of the company should be improved for this to be realised (Fombrun and Van riel, 1997; Kiriakidou and Millward, 2000; Vergin and Qoronfleh, 1998). The marketing research provided a very good link between the business and its future markets. The inclusion of the activities such as specifications, the gathering if data, ana lysis, and the interpretation of the information helps the management to understand better the market. It also helps in identifying the market problems and the opportunities arising which aids in the formulation of the courses of marketing action. A successful marketing research must be able to recognize the specific diversities in terms of culture, demographics, economy and other factors. References Alessandri, S. W. (2001).Modelling corporate identity: a concept application and theoretical explanation. Corporate communications: An international Journal, 6(4), 173-182 Balmer, J. and Wilson, A. (1999).Corporate identity and Corporate communications: creating competitive advantage. Corporate Communications: An international Journal, 4(4), 171-176. Cornelissen, J. (2000). Corporate image:an audience centred model.  Corporate communications. An international Journal, 5(2), 119 – 125 Devine, I. ().Implicit claims: The role of corporate reputation in value creation. Corporate Re putation Review, 4(1), Fombrum, C.J., and Van Riel, C. B.,(1997). The reputational landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(1/2), 5-13 Fombrum, C. J., Gardberg, N. and Sever, J.M., (2000). The reputation quotient: A multi-stakeholder measure of corporate reputation. The Journal of Brand Management, 7(4), 241-255 Hair, J. F., Lukas, B.A., Miller, K.E., Bush. R.P., Ortinau, D.J. (2008). Marketing Research. North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill. Jones,G.H.,Jones, B.H., and Little, P. (2000).Reputation as reservoir: Buffering against loss in times of economic crisis. Corporate Reputation Review, 3(1) Kiriakidou,O., and Millward, L.J. (2000).Corporate identity: Internal reality or external fit?  Corporate communications: An international Journal, 5(1), 49-58 Landon, S., and Smit, C.E.(1997). The use of quality and reputation indicators by consumers: The case of Bordeaux wine. Journal of Consumer Policy, 20(3), 289-323 Vergin, R. C., and Qoronfleh, M., (1998). Corporate reputation and stock ma rket. Business Horizons, 41(1), 19-36 Yoon, E., Guffey, H.J., and Kijewski, V. (1993).The effects of information and company reputation on intentions to buy business service. Journal of Business research, 27(3), 215-228

Nelson Mandela, Autobiography Book

Nelson Mandela, Autobiography Book Introduction The book titled ‘Mandela: The Authorized bibliography’ was written by Sampson Anthony. The book was published by Knopf Doubleday Publishing group and was copyrighted in 2012, and the exclusive copyright belongs to the writer of the book who is Sampson Anthony.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Nelson Mandela, Autobiography Book specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his book, the writer talks about Nelson Mandela early childhood life, and the struggle he underwent through until he became the president of the republic of South Africa. He talks about Mandelas prison life, education and the fight for independence and freedom in South Africa. He also talks about his release from the prison, and how he led various South Africans to attain independence. Discussion In his book, the writer portrays Nelson Mandela as having various leadership characteristics and attributes. The writer discusses seve ral leadership skills and techniques that Mandela applied in order to obtain freedom in South Africa. The leadership styles discussed in the book include the following leadership skills: Courage is not the absence of fear Mandela states that most leaders have faced down fear, but it is during times of stress that the mettle of leadership is tested; this means maintaining the momentum in tough times, or, as Mandela explains, sometimes you must put up a front (Sampson, 2012). A leader is that person who takes the initiative and is courageous enough to confront hard situations (Sampson, 2012).Advertising Looking for book review on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lead from the front Mandela was always objective about his goals and used all the techniques that could help him achieve the objective it. In all his undertakings, he ensured that he did not leave his base behind. Richard Stengel describes Nelson Mand ela as a historical man. Mandela life in prison shaped his view about the leadership concept, where he viewed leaders as people who should lead by example. Mandela was a fore thinker who projected his thoughts in the future, he focused on the long term objectives and not short term objectives. Lead from the back The concept of leading from the back is contradictory from the concept of leading from the front. Mandela states that there come times when a leader has to lead from the back. Suck an analogy is underpinned by the fact that the same way cattle are led from behind, individuals can also be led from behind too. Know your enemy Mandela states that the best way to lead is to know your enemy and identify their strongest and weakest points. Mandela states that understanding your opponent weakest and strongest point will assist an individual to come to a common ground in times of a conflict. Mandela also points out that communication is also an important aspect in a leader. A leader should communicate effectively and efficiently in order to ensure that leadership is transparent and accountable. Keep your friends close Mandela states that another good leadership principle is to put your friends closer, and put your enemies even closer.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Nelson Mandela, Autobiography Book specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mandela states that, in order for an individual to lead well, there should a distinct boundary for friendship ties. Friendship ties should not in one way or the other influence the decisions a leader makes. Appearances matter Mandela states that the appearance of a leader really matters. How a leader present themselves both physically and the verbal approach is important. Leaders should be smart, and should a sense of public opinion that is beyond reproach. Mandela states that the little things we do greatly define our public image. For example, how we treat other people, how we greet other people are some of the things that define our leadership skills in the public domain. Nothing is black or white According to Sampson (2012), Mandela states that, at one point in time, leaders are always presented with two options to choose from. Mandela states that, as a leader, an individual should consider the outcomes of the circumstance and not the tactics to be used in addressing the issue. To quit is to lead Mandela states that leaders should always back from poor performing projects. Mandela notes that not all the decisions made by leaders will be successful, and the best way to lead such situations is to take a step backwards (Sampson, 2012). Mandela notes that, in order to win in some cases, and then leaders must concede to win. The fastest way to win is by taking a step backwards and coming out more energized and goal oriented. The above leadership qualities and characteristics had nelson Mandela to be one of the greatest leader the world h as ever experienced. Mandela was determined and focussed towards achieving a goal, which was that of liberating the South Africans from Apartheid.Advertising Looking for book review on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He led with wisdom, and always embraced dialogue in time of conflicts. The above leadership skills and techniques also ensured that, Nelson Mandela led by example while, at the same time, ensuring that others follow in the same path as he did. The above leadership skills to large extent helped the former South African leader to economically steer the country through the peaceful co-existence of people belonging to different races. For example, during his release from prison, Mandela gave a press conference regarding his release. People expected that he would hate the whites who had imprisoned him, but Mandela did not express any hate sentiments towards the whites. Instead, he embraced dialogue and concession with his enemies. This is evident in the manner the leader made some negotiations with the white to form the South African government. Major Crisis The major crisis that Nelson Mandela encountered is the problem of solving the crisis that was being experienced in Nigeria. The cr isis was caused by the annulment of the Nigeria election in June 1993. After the annulment of the election, the General Sani Abacha of Nigeria arrested various political leaders and commanded for their execution. Abacha later executed nine political opponents from the ogoni community including the prolific writer, Ken saro-wiwa. Leadership approach Mandela sought to use the quiet diplomacy method of leadership and solving conflicts. Mandela sent Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and the deputy president Thabo Mbeki to go to Nigeria and lobby for the release of Obasanjo, and several other people who had been detained by the General Sani Abacha (Sampson, 2012). The methodology failed, and Mandela was left with the option of lobbying for support from the Commonwealth of Nations. As a leader, the situation could have been handled by lobbying for the international criminal court to arrest and issue a warranty of arrest for the General Sani Abacha for political crimes and human rights abuses. Conc lusion In conclusion, the above leadership skills, techniques and methods are good and will always make individuals to be good leaders. However, in order to effectively be a good leader, an individual should use the appropriate leadership technique in the appropriate environment. Reference List Sampson, A. (2012). Mandela: The authorized Biography. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

U.S. Median Age Highest Ever

U.S. Median Age Highest Ever The median age in America reached its highest point ever at 37.2 years, up from 32.9 years in 1990 and 35.3 years in 2000, according to recently released data from Census 2010. By median age, the U.S. Census Bureau means that half of the American people are now older and half younger than 37.2 years. According to the Census Bureau’s report Age and Sex Composition: 2010, seven states recorded a median age of 40 or older in 2010. The report also showed that between 2000 and 2010, the U.S. male population grew 9.9%, while the female population saw a 9.5% increase. Of the total 2010 Census population, 157.0 million people were female (50.8%) and 151.8 million were male (49.2%). Between 2000 and 2010, the population 45 to 64 years old grew 31.5% to 81.5 million. This age group now makes up 26.4% of the total U.S. population. The large growth among 45- to 64-year-olds is primarily because of the aging of the baby boom population. The 65-and-older population also grew faster than most younger population groups at a rate of 15.1% to 40.3 million people, or 13.0% of the total population. While attributing the jump to aging baby boomers, Census Bureau analysts noted that the 65-and-over population actually increased at a slower rate than the overall population for the first time in the history of the census. Baby boomers are considered to be persons born from 1946 to 1964. According to the Census Bureau, the average retirement age in the U.S. is 62, with the average life expectancy after retirement is 18 years. However, as the U.S. Social Security Administration advises, actually starting to draw Social Security retirement benefits at age 62, rather than waiting until your full retirement age comes with risks and rewards. While the median age increased by nearly two and a half years between 1990 and 2000, said Campbell Gibson, a senior Census Bureau demographer, the growth of the population aged 65-and-over was by far the lowest recorded rate of growth in any decade for this age group. The slower growth of the population 65 and over, Gibson said, reflects the relatively low number of people reaching 65 during the past decade because of the relatively low number of births in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The increase in median age from 32.9 years in 1990 to 35.3 in 2000 reflects a 4-percent drop in the number of persons between 18 to 34 years old combined with a 28-percent increase in the population between 35 to 64 years of age. The most rapid increase in size of any age group in the profile was the 49 percent jump in the population 45-to-54-years-old. This increase, to 37.7 million in 2000, was fueled mainly by the entry into this age group of the first of the baby boom generation. Besides data on age, the U.S. profile contains data on sex, household relationship and household type, housing units, and renters and homeowners. It also includes the first population totals for selected groups of Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino populations. The findings above are from a Census 2000 profile of the U.S. population, released May 15, 2001. Here are more highlights from Census 2000: The number of males (138.1 million) edged closer to the number of females (143.4 million), raising the sex ratio (males per 100 females) from 95.1 in 1990 to 96.3 in 2000.The nations housing units numbered 115.9 million, an increase of 13.6 million from 1990.The average household size in 2000 was 2.59, down slightly from 2.63 in 1990.Of the 105.5 million occupied housing units in 2000, 69.8 million were occupied by owners and 35.7 million by renters; the homeownership rate increased from 64 percent to 66 percent.The number of non-family households rose at twice the rate of family households 23 percent versus 11 percent.Families maintained by women with no husband present increased three times as fast as married-couple families 21 percent versus 7 percent. Married-couple families dropped from 55 percent to 52 percent of all households.A nation of loaners? In 1940, less than 8 percent of all Americans lived alone. Today, almost 26 percent live by themselves.

Helicoprion Facts and Figures

Helicoprion Facts and Figures Name: Helicoprion (Greek for spiral saw); pronounced HEH-lih-COPE-ree-on Habitat: Oceans worldwide Historical Period: Early Permian-Early Triassic (290-250 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 13-25 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Marine animals; possibly specialized in squids Distinguishing Characteristics: Shark-like appearance; rolled-up teeth in front of jaw About Helicoprion The only surviving evidence of the prehistoric shark Helicoprion is a tight, curled-up coil of triangular teeth, a bit like a fruit roll-up, but considerably deadlier. As far as paleontologists can tell, this bizarre structure was attached to the bottom part of Helicoprions jaw, but exactly how it was used, and on what prey, remains a mystery. Some experts think the coil was used to grind away the shells of swallowed mollusks, while others (perhaps influenced by the movie Alien) think Helicoprion unfurled the coil explosively like a whip, spearing any unfortunate creatures in its path. Whatever the case, the existence of this coil is proof that the natural world can be stranger than (or at least as strange as) fiction! A recent fossil analysis, conducted with the aid of a high-resolution CT scanner, appears to have solved the Helicoprion enigma. Apparently, this creatures whirled teeth were actually housed inside the bone of its lower jaw; the new teeth gradually unfurled into Helicoprions mouth and pushed the older ones further away (indicating either that Helicoprion replaced its teeth unusually rapidly, or that it subsisted on soft-bodied prey like squids). In addition, when Helicoprion closed its mouth, its distinctive tooth whorl pushed food further into the back of its throat. In this same article, the authors argue that Helicoprion was not, in fact, a shark, but a prehistoric relative of the cartilaginous fish known as ratfish. Part of what makes Helicoprion such an exotic creature is when it lived: all the way from the early Permian period, about 290 million years ago, to the early Triassic, 40 million years later, at a time when sharks were only beginning to obtain a tentative toehold (or finhold) on the undersea food chain, competing as they did with comparably fierce marine reptiles. Amazingly, the early Triassic fossil specimens of Helicoprion indicate that this ancient shark somehow managed to survive the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event, which killed a whopping 95 percent of marine animals (though, to be fair, Helicoprion only managed to struggle on for a million years or so before succumbing to extinction itself).

The outsiders 3

The outsiders 3 Critical Review "The Outsiders" by S.E. Hinton S.E. Hinton wrote this novel while she was in high school, at the young age of sixteen. It was completed in 1967. She has written other novels such as That Was Then This is Now, Rumble Fish, and Taming the Star Runner.The novel, The Outsiders, was written about living in the sixties amid gang rivalries. It is told through the personal thoughts of Ponyboy, a fourteen-year-old who belongs to a gang known as the Greasers, who despise the upper-class Socs (pronounced SO-ches), the West Side Rich Kids. Hinton does an excellent job of describing mild-mannered gang members, society war, and living with violence. Once I began to read this book, it became difficult to put it down.The Outsiders, basically, is about the tough, hard life of Pony Curtis, who lives only with his two brothers, Sodapop and Darry. Their parents were killed in an auto wreck that left Pony in trust of his brothers and fellow gang members.Hinton Ampner

Behavior and Classroom Management in Special Education

Behavior and Classroom Management in Special Education Behavior is one of the greatest challenges a special education teacher faces. This is especially true when students receiving special education services are in inclusive classrooms. There are a number of strategies that teachers- both special and general education- can employ to help with these situations. We will begin by looking at ways to provide structure, move on to addressing behavior in general, and look at structured interventions as prescribed by federal law. Classroom Management The most effective way to deal with difficult behavior is to prevent it. It really is as simple as that, but thats also sometimes easier to say than to put into practice in real life. Preventing bad behavior means creating a classroom environment that reinforces positive behavior. At the same time, you want to stimulate attention and imagination  and make your expectations clear to the students. To start, you can create a comprehensive classroom management plan. Beyond establishing rules, this plan will help you institute classroom routines, develop strategies to keep students organized and implement Positive Behavior Support systems. Behavior Management Strategies Before you have to put a Functional Behavior Analysis (FBA)  and Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) in place, there are other strategies you can try. These will help refocus behavior and avoid those higher, and more official, levels of intervention. First of all, as a teacher, its important that you understand the potential behavioral and emotional disorders children in your classroom may be dealing with. These may include psychiatric disorders or behavioral disabilities and each student will come to class with their own needs. Then, we also need to define what inappropriate behavior is. This helps us understand why a student may be acting out the way she has in the past. It also gives us guidance in properly confronting these actions. With this background, behavior management becomes part of classroom management. Here, you can begin to implement strategies to support a positive learning environment. This may include behavior contracts between yourself, the student, and their parents. It could also involve rewards for positive behavior. For example, many teachers use interactive tools like the Token Economy to recognize good behavior in the classroom. These point systems can be customized to fit the individual needs of your students and classroom. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a research-based therapeutic system based on Behaviorism (the science of behavior), which was first defined by B.F. Skinner. It has been proven to be successful in managing and changing problematic behavior. ABA also provides instruction in functional and life skills, as well as academic programming. Individual Education Plans (IEP) An Individual Education Plan (IEP) is a way to organize your thoughts in a formal manner regarding a childs behavior. This can be shared with the IEP team, parents, other teachers, and school administration. The goals outlined in an IEP should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and have a timeframe (SMART). All of this helps keep everyone on track and gives your student a very detailed sense of what is expected of them. If the IEP is not working, then you might need to resort to the formal FBA or BIP. Yet, teachers often find that with earlier intervention, the right combination of tools, and a positive classroom environment, these measures can be avoided.

Managers learn better from experience or theory Essay

Managers learn better from experience or theory - Essay Example Hence, management development programmes are conducted by organisations to update the managers on any new managerial behaviour. In the competitive environment managers often have to face difficult situations in the workplace. To handle such kind of situations, it is extremely important for the manager to have sufficient knowledge backed by theories and prior experience behind him. But in the most difficult situation, bookish knowledge will help to some extent and practical experience and instincts of managers will become more effective in handling the situation with utmost care. But the importance of theory cannot be underestimated since it is the theory that will show the path for the manager, and the experience will pave the path. An organisation also needs to look at educating the present managers. It is expected that whatever may be their formal education requirement, it will not be able to meet the job demands during their tenure in the organisation. Hence, providing continuing education for the managers is important. Learning by doing matters for professional investors. Most of the organisations today believe in ELT, or experimental learning theory, which has been the foundation of management learning over the years. It has been seen that there have been improvements in the efficiency of the output produced from the existing technologies, though the inputs remain the same. It shows that inputs are an important determinant of total productivity. So the organisations have started realising that ‘on-the-job-training’, or learning by doing, is as important as formal education received, which forms the base of human capital. Discussion Every practice by managers is based on theory itself. Management theory gives an overall view of managers’ role and the competencies which the managers need. It acts as a guide to understand the process to help the managers learn (Mailick and Stumpf, 1998). But management practice is more specifically concern ed with task selection and performance delivery, which defines the manager’s contribution to the organisation. Management practice basically utilises management theory to help managers determine the process which they need to follow in specific situations (Bell and Goldsmith, 2013). Every manager has their own way of handling things, which they might feel is the optimal and efficient one. But the real world does not go by that logic. It is only when they are faced with real world solutions that they realise that they need to change their strategy to come out with new solutions (Levitt, List and Syverson, 2013). For example, a sales manager must be able to handle the team under their leadership. Team dynamics is the most important factor which they cannot neglect. Team dynamics will vary with the composition of members in it. Each team has to be handled differently. Experiential learning theory (ELT) gives a holistic model of the learning process. Learning is best viewed as a process, not as an outcome. Hence, improving the performance of managers by engaging them will enhance their learning and performance. All learning is re-learning. It is a process through which the manager’s beliefs and ideas about a topic can be examined, applied and integrated to form more new refined ideas. Learning is a holistic process of adaptation. It involves the integrated functioning of thinking, perceiving, feeling and behaving apart from cognition. Learning is

Medicare funding and Reibursement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare funding and Reibursement - Essay Example The figures provided in the example have been used in the calculations. SNF base rate = 70% adjusted by area wages (hospital wage index) + 30% non-labor related portion (base adjusted for geographical factors x RUG weight). The nursing rate of $151 as per (Medpac 2008) will be used in the calculation. In terms of Participating Physician who accept assignment on each and every case the Physician bills Medicare and the patient 100% of the Medicare approved fee which is $125,000 in this case. Medicare will pay 80% which is equivalent to $100,000 and the patient will pay 20% which equals $25,000. In terms of a Non-participating Physician who accepts assignment on a case by case basis Medicare and the patient will be billed for 95% of the Medicare approved fee of $125,000. 95% is represented by $118,750. Medicare will pay 80% of $118,750 which is equal to $95,000 and the patient will pay 20% which is equal to $23,750. With respect to Non-participating Physicians who do not accept assignment the patient is billed for 115% of the Medicare approved fee of $125,000. This 115% is equal to $143,750. The patient makes the entire payment and Medicare reimburses 80% of the approved fee for non-participating physicians. Therefore, Medicare would pay 80% of $118,750 which is equal to $95,000 and the patient will bear the difference between what was paid to the Non-participating Physician which is $143,750 minus $95,000, which is equal to $48,750. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2010). Fact Sheet: Acute Care Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System. Retrieved: http://www.cms.gov/MLNProducts/downloads/AcutePaymtSysfctsht.pdf. Last accessed 31 Mar

Language and Gender Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Language and Gender Interaction - Essay Example In fact, Lakoff also goes further to point out that women find themselves in a no win situation; when they use powerless talk they are not taken seriously and when they become assertive they are frowned upon. This paper is a report on a study carried out to verify whether women indeed employ a register of speech different from that of men. The study also sought to find out if the manner of speech depended on the type of audience being addressed. The audience variables included same sex, mixed sex and an audience younger than the speaker (Children). The rationale of this study was to provide facts, if any were found to exist, about the issue of gender determined language. More often than not, allegations that are mostly aimed at trying to put women down in the social hierarchy have been made to the effect that it exists. Such allegations have rarely been supported by factual data. This study therefore aimed to gather factual data that could contribute to shedding light on whether women's manner of speaking is different from that of men. This could shed light and give direction to the debate. The main thrust of gender-based analyses of language has been the norm-and-devia... The masculine manner of speech is therefore the norm while the feminine method is the deviation, Hall, K. and Bucholtz, M., (1995). This forms the basis upon which the linguistic behavior of either gender is judged. Cameron, et al (1988) point out that it can't be a coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically organized conversationalists while women ate expected to provide support to conversation. This position seems to point out to an actual existence of differences in manner of and role in speech delivery that is dictated by individual gender. Indeed that existence of this gender schism is a matter widely taken for granted especially when religious scriptures with Judeo-Christian allegations of male supremacy come into play. Hard data to support such conventions is what is direly needed and there is too little of it. For instance, there is little evidence that in mixed gender gatherings women talk more than men. This is an issue that is assumed rather than proven to be true. Linguists Tannen, Deborah (1994) and Holmes, Janet (2006) have investigated conversational styles in business corporations to verify the gender stereotypes. Their study found that gendered speech does not exist along a continuum. Instead, both males and females use masculine and feminine forms of expression at different times in different contexts. One such context variable is the nature of the speech community. A speech community denotes any group of people coming together to discuss any given issue of mutual interest. Such a community can range from pupil s in a classroom to a crowd at an accident scene. As soon as the group is formed, rules of engagement in the conversation emerge. People will therefore talk differently

Managerial Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Decision Making - Assignment Example The problems arose due to the negative flows of cash flow. Sometimes inflows were delayed which created liquidity problems in the short run since vendors needed to be paid on time. To solve these issues, dependence was sought on spreadsheets and accounting statements that exasperated the problem beyond the scope of any possible solution. Use of manual and computer software that were not suited to handle such voluminous data often led to IT disruptions that could not be readily solved. It would become necessary to seek professional help of people â€Å"with recourse with practical experience with SAP system administration.† (ADM 110- installation SAP ECC 6.0, n.d). The main criteria that needed to be developed and installed were in terms of creating such modern, state-of-the-art technology that could create â€Å"Automate receivables, invoicing, and cash reconciliation processes to shorten order-to-cash cycles.† (Grow your company and get out of noman’s land, n.d, para.1). It was necessary to process verbose, large, discrete financial and accounting information into the precise, succinct and understandable language. 1. It should not create more problems than what is currently in vogue. Rather, it should be able to resolve problems and usher ineffectiveness and streamlined processing of  business inputs. 2. It needs to be cost-effective and easy to maintain, without much hassle. 3. Whether the prevailing system needs to be fully scrapped or used in conformity and coordination with this system needs to be considered. Scrapping the earlier system would lead the management with no bailout or exit plan in the event SAP encountered Problems that would define the solutions. 4. Whether its cost-benefit plans would be positive and yield results from Day One. 1.4. Generating alternatives: When outside consultant could not deliver a viable SAP solution to accounting problems, it would become necessary to start â€Å"an in-house SAP resource without rival and, ultimately, a business system beyond their expectations† (White, 2004, para.1) or it could also be possible to seek out other suites or packages sold by SAP’s rivals like â€Å"Microsoft or Oracle.† (Greenbaum, 2006, para.5). 1.5. Choosing the best alternative: The best solution for ERP induced SAP accounting would be simple and easy to install and operate, amenable for further development and upgrades if and when necessary with the capability of handling the voluminous traffic with relative ease. â€Å"Through the SAP system, it will be easy to organize and simplify tracking methods and recording financial transactions.† (Abayomi, 2010, para.5).

Personal Statement to apply preparatory course of graduate school in

To apply preparatory course of graduate school in UK - Personal Statement Example Fortunately, I enjoy family support, especially from my father who works as an Electrical and Automation engineer. He is interested in providing both moral and financial support in my pursuit for engineering knowledge, either at home or abroad. Prior to providing detailed description of my personal life and career plans, I would like to categorically explain my specific choice of wanting to study at a UK college. First, I was born and raised in China. I have undertaken all my academic programs within the People’s Republic of China, up to my undergraduate level. As a result, I would wish to pursue further learning within a different environment away from the monotonous Chinese institutions. I choose United Kingdom because it features as one of the most culturally diversified society in Europe. UK is known for its cultural tolerance and warm accommodation to people from diverse religious backgrounds. In addition, the UK offers friendly and homely residential settings to visitors. Therefore, I believe that learning institutions within the country offers me with an opportunity to study within a culturally rich and diverse environment free from the Chinese way of learning and thinking. Apart from cultural diversity, it is undeniable that the UK education system is renowned and respected across the world. Its learning institutions like yours are known to offer quality and standardized education system that meet and even exceed expectations within the labor market. Actually, preparatory courses from UK enjoy international recognition. They have sophisticated learning infrastructure with qualified teaching staff (Smith 67). Consequently, students undertaking and completing their preparatory studies within the UK are not only highly regarded by stakeholders within the education sectors but also by employers around the world. Apart from enabling me to gain substantial knowledge, such recognition and high regards to UK

Government Regulation of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government Regulation of the Internet - Essay Example Since the cyberspace’s geopolitical demarcation is virtually erased, the question whether a government should step on the internet became in itself questionable. Given that with the issues spawned by the cyberspace are disturbing, that it now becomes an imperative to maintain an acceptable standard of behavior over the internet, it is questionable whether the government do it and will it bring good or disaster?This brings to mind the geographic relativity of laws. Laws are not uniform and essentially differ in each country while the nature of internet stays the same whichever country it may be. For example, laws governing e-commerce and speech in the United States may differ or may not even exist say that of the Middle East country and vice versa that the enforcement of cyberspace regulation may prove to be a challenge if not impossible to implement. Speaking against the government may be a crime in the Middle East and other countries but is perfectly acceptable in the United States as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution. E-commerce and the Anti-Piracy law may be stringent in countries such as the United States but may also be non-existent in other countries. Such, many concerned parties proposed to adopt an intergovernmental regulation to create a cross-border harmonization of internet governance policy for greater efficacy. This may appear good on paper but quite impossible to apply. As mentioned above, what can be acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in other countries.... For example, laws governing e-commerce and speech in the United States may differ or may not even exist say that of the Middle East country and vice versa that the enforcement of cyberspace regulation may prove to be a challenge if not impossible to implement. Speaking against the government may be a crime in the Middle East and other countries but is perfectly acceptable in the United States as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution. E-commerce and Anti-Piracy law may be stringent in countries such as United States but may also be non-existent in other countries. Such, many concerned parties proposed to adopt an intergovernmental regulation to create a cross-border harmonization of internet governance policy for greater efficacy. This may appear good on paper but quite impossible to apply. As mentioned above, what can be acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in other countries. Asserting one’s law on another sovereignty country is just out of the ques tion to regulate the internet. It will just complicate the issue more. There is however other interest groups that espouse the idea of self-imposed regulation of cyberspace conduct. Among these is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in the United States whose mandate is to develop a bottom-up consensus on the usage of the internet among the private sector. Though it differed in identity compared to that of the government, it still called for the regulation of the cyberspace by a broader consensus of different interested parties in the private sector. It is not coercive and is done by an initiative of the private sector who acknowledges that there has to be a set of acceptable behavior in the cyberspace to curb if not eliminate misconduct. For