Analysis of e-grocery systems - Free Essay Example

Introduction:- The literature reviews the operational and strategic analysis of E-grocery systems. There are many business models in E-grocery business. To make E-business model a sustainable one they are using different strategies in different targeted markets. Each individual model varies from one other in various dimensions such as placing of order, assembling and delivering the goods. The first part of the literature provides statistical description of online grocery industry in various geographical and measures. The second part provides review of the E-grocery industrys market and its customer base. The final part offers previous studies opinions and factors about various outcomes of e-grocery business. Industry Over View:- Over last five decades grocery business has transformed into new sector of supermarkets in UK. Many of the supermarkets changed the grocery field dramatically. These champions of consumers brought vast choices in product and price to improve their business sector. Online grocery shopping and Home delivery system has became one of major aspects in grocery industries. The revolution of technology advancement in internet promoted grocery industries to embark on new methods in retailing industry. However, many grocers have been unsuccessful to consider the advantages of how it can support grocery business. These developments lead to dismissal of complete-online supermarkets such as webvan, homegrocer, shoplink and homeruns (Ramus and Nielsen, 2005). These results demonstrate the necessity of careful crafting of e-grocery strategies which exploits internet technologys potential of increasing company profit and also customer service (porter, 2001). On one hand, strategy conceptualisat ion is difficult for pure-play grocery stores since companies have not tried business models before. On the other hand, formulation of strategies for clicks and bricks grocery shops requires strategies which will combine both existing retail practice and internet based shopping processes ( Teo, 2002). Online shopping or e-grocery retailing service involves customers online buying behaviour and practices, order fulfilment and delivery of order, development and maintenance of online websites to facilitate customers to enter their orders (Hong and Kim, 2004). This literature provides insight of e-groceries and the strategic methods. Development Of Home Deliveries In The UK:- In United Kingdom, from centuries home delivery of goods has been taking place. During 20th century some local door to door field sales and home deliveries were go down due to rise large number of retail centres and also availability of cheap cars, however, some other home delivery business still in existence such as milk and catalogue distribution. The innovation of large consumer products such as washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, televisions etc results in certain type of delivery methods after mid-twentieth century. (Spufford, 1994) The recent development of information technology has contributed many new methods to retailing sector over the internet which drastically increases the demand of home deliveries. Online shopping and home delivery became an ideal path or approach in a society where people themselves believe they are cash-rich and time-poor for grocery or household goods. E-commerce along with some other forms offers the opportunity for consumers to buy household goods from their homes and also to receive deliveries at their flexible timings rather than travelling to stores. (ibid) Grocery And Grocery Industry:- Groceries and other food retailers function each and every day, yet it is fundamental and permanent industry sectors in the business world. Everybody require food, thus everyone must and should purchase food from one or another retail outlet. Therefore, the grocery industry is a vast, fragmented and tremendously competitive environment ( Kelly Delaney et al, 2003 pp 187). â€Å"In Great Britain, food retailing industry constitutes 36 percent of overall retail turnover annually (Central Statistical Office, 1990). In United Kingdom the largest individual category of family expenditure and along with some other groups, which are partially sold in supermarkets, like household goods, tobacco and alcohols, clothing and leisure goods for a considerably large share of customer shopping (Central Statistical Office, 1991).† (Russell Aylott et al, 1998,. Pp.363) Customer Base And Market Trends:- According to Verdict (2006a), 80% of the online shoppers were of 29 to50 age group in 2002. Majority of responded shoppers were female. There are three groups of online shoppers: firstly rich and busy people who are pressed for time, secondly families with one or more young children and thirdly people who find difficulty to get into stores. The first group of people are those who have higher incomes and less time to shop. These people are normally high internet users, technology comprehend or family with dual income. These rich and busy people prefer someone to shop behalf of them. The second group are those who have got young children in their families. They constitute higher number of e-grocery shoppers. The age group of e-grocery shoppers is 29 to 50 years old with at least one young child under five years old. This group usually spend their time in cooking dinners for their family therefore they prefer shop online for regular household groceries. This category of people wants t o avoid hassle situation at stores by dragging kids along with them for shopping. The final group is comparably small to other two categories. This group of people are those who find difficulty to access the store environment due to several reasons like age or physical disability. People average life span increased in recent decades comparing to 1950s and 1960s. People average life span increased from 67.8 to 77.2 in 2007 and they estimated life span is 82.4 for 2015.Aged people and physically challenged people may need little more extra help while doing shopping. They may found it as difficult to drive to supermarkets and to carry heavy household goods back to home. Online shopping will be the good alternative source for grocery shopping. Estimation Of Home Delivery Shopping Market And Market Share:- In the year 1999 the total home shopping market worth was figured  £12.36bn in UK market. The projected view for 2004 was  £24.12bn. All sectors have been experienced by considerable growth and constant increase has been expected for following 5 years as customers accept different new channels for purchasing of goods. Traditional grocery shopping is matured market. However, recent development and growth predicts that, it has been generated by potential e-commerce and majority of grocers converted a part of their business into e-grocers. UK e-shopping was  £581m worth in the year 1999 and estimated growth to  £1.53bn in 2000. Verdict research predicted there will be huge growth of 3.36% of total sales in online market and it was estimated as  £8.84bn by 2004(Nielsen, 2000). Market Trends In Home Shopping:- E-commerce growth in recent decades (excluding some declined cases) transformed old traditional companies into technology implemented new companies. Moreover, now companies are in better position to exploit and implement new technologies to business models to grow their sales and profit. In the starting days of internet technology there were comments from academic commentators that most of incumbent businesses were unwilling to try internet for sales channel. There was lack of internet knowledge and also uneven distribution of amount for physical distribution. These companies distribution infrastructure have their brand names and customer base which will help to command and access the funding, and provide stronger position to embrace e-commerce (Anderson consulting, 2000). If we consider present situation, majority of internet user are males compare to females. This socio-economic difference in internet profile user also affects online shopping. Along with these higher proportio n of society contains children and youth who currently own their own computer systems and access internet more than older generation. However, research depicts that some of these variations may diminish over the growth of technology. For an example, the prediction of women internet user by the 2005 will increase by sixty percent of total UK online users. (Tesco, 2000). Many more established retailers are likely to adopt a new approach, Multichannel retail sector implementation and development, in future. Already there are alternative channel development methods by many large retailers. It will also permit retailers to create alternative channels to draw supply chains and resources from their existence channels. For manufacturing companies it will provide good opportunity to access customers directly and to formulate new methods of delivering service or product. There is an expectation of launching of new niche catalogues from major drivers in UK as growth rate penetrates. (Webb, 2000). Geographical Characteristics:- Sandoval( 2002) mentioned analyst Robert Rubin said that average population density in UK is high compared to ones US. The US( 31 per sq.km) population density is one-eighth of the UK ( 248 per sq.km) in 2004 ( world population prospectus). Tesco and Sainsbury have become successful e-grocers in the UK. These grocers target highly populated urban areas for more potential consumers. Urban areas are densely populated, people reside very close. In large cities there are less people who own cars. There are other factors which influence online grocery shopping in urban areas such as busy lifestyle, highly crowded shopping malls, public transport dependence for transportation and higher income. According to Mclaughlin(2005) cities are highly populated with internet users and considerable residents with disposable income. It is difficult expand online shopping to system to all geographic areas instead it could be done from one urban area to another, expanding business like this will make company delivery truck to achieve high number of deliveries at every trip. Psychographic Characteristics:- Fox and kempiak (2006) mentioned five major decision elements for online grocery shopping( price, convenience, product variety, ambiance and service). He also stated several reasons to increase online shopping chances such as changing family structure, busy work schedule with increased working hours, less free time and time consuming traditional shopping methods. This social system transformation result in search of alternative independent grocery shopping methods. Customer with different disability made their interest towards e-shopping rather than traditional one. Woodside, Arch G. and Randolph J. Trappey (1992) mentioned that time and conveniences are the two major factors for people to switch from traditional shopping methods to electronic shopping methods. Technology should provide complete product description to satisfy different types of customer base it may be depends on several criteria such as different food preferences such as organic, religious , ethnic origin etc Technological Characteristics:- Fox and Kempiak(2006)states that, the food marketing institute indicates US consumers are highest internet users with eighty-six percent in that seventy percent will shop online daily. Whereas in the UK, broadband user are in fifth position in world and second position in Europe. E-commerce research 2007 shows 15.9 percent respondents brought groceries once in a week, 2.7 percent shops twice or thrice a month, largest group shops once or twice in a year. Increased internet users likely contribute the growth of online shopping. Online shoppers will make more shopping than in-store shoppers. â€Å"As the economy and society have changed, so retailers have responded and shopping as an activity has altered enormously.† (Dawson and Broadbridge,1988). Online shopping is comparatively recent phenomenon, which provides an opportunity to consumers to carry out at least one part of buying process online. â€Å"Electronic grocery shopping has been defined as shopping when at lea st part of transaction is started electronically via third party services or the Internet, but paying and logistics are not necessarily performed digitally†. ( Carl Lewis, 2003-pp.207) E-shop business model represents one class of e-commerce where buyers and sellers interact electronically with each other, except for deliveries. Burke suggests many reasons web marketing of food. As an example, everybody has to eat, and in store shopping consumes considerable time to purchase and majority people do not like grocery shopping. Daily household goods are difficult to move physically from one place to another. Continuous growth of e-commerce enlightens many traditional grocery retailers to use internet channel to sell their goods. The development leads to many more conventional retails to enter into e-grocery field (Boedeker.M, 1997 ). E-Crm:- Smith believed that, customers thinking about the shopping are predetermined whether in means of preference to products, price and accessibility. Satisfying such conditions and preferences thorough online process is carried out through designing e-commerce website and online shopping store should focus on creating e-loyalty. Customer relationship management (CRM) programmes are the most effective way to incorporate loyalty. Customer service is one of the major aspects of business which includes customer assistant in sales, maintenance customer policies, providing customised services, after-sales maintenance etc. Due to the different type and nature of products which are purchased at e-grocery shops there should be complete product description. Some websites provide procedures for return of product or reporting problems as a part of after-sales service. Some stores allow unsatisfied customer to return their product, some websites provide vast description about their products such as ripeness of their tomatoes (smith, 2000). All online shopping websites provide some customer rules and policies. According to Australian legislation, all online websites should maintain privacy policy (Australian Federal Government, 2000). Success And Failure Factors From Previous Studies:- Friends of Earth(2005) believed that e-grocery method is the best way to promote industrys brand image. However , Fox and Kempiak(2006) and Kotler (1996) stated conversely; brand image of company will help to promote online grocery business. They also believed that industrys business experience and its infrastructure will be added advantage for promotion. One more factor is people ability to spend money for long duration household goods. Pachauri, Moneesha 2002 stated that competition in e-grocery retail sector remains the same until company stay in game. If any child companys online business started down falling then parental company may not let it to happen for longer duration because they are inter-related in means of profit sharing. Without the demand, services of online business company will lead to business failure. Retention of existing customer is one of the main aspects of business. To gain customer loyalty, companies should provide reward to regular shopper. Customers can also gain loyalty points for their spending and it will convert into reward coupons or vouchers. Brick and mortar stores utilises their existing business infrastructure to click and mortar stores to save on costs. Delaney-Klinger, Boyer, and Frohlich (2003) mentioned Tescos success and Webvan failure because of its marketing strategy for online business. Webvan marketed its online sales with value-added service and extra delivery charges to cope up with online ordering cost. Tescos pricing strategy is little higher than the Webvan and its most suitable one for lower volume sales. Smith, Howard (2004) stated that online-only business spent heavy money for their highly automated warehouses. The operating costs for these warehouses are high and order volumes for those companies are not more than half of their capacity. High initial start up cost for online division, although pricing strategy can able to reduce cost for internal order picking and delivery methods. However, Del aney-Klinger et al (2003) believed that the expenditure for short run will increase business cost for warehouse methods and decrease for existing store picking methods comparably. High initial start-up cost will results at higher risk for any organisation. Another aspect for failure will be lack of online business management knowledge and experience. Blythman, Joanna (2005) stated that, companies are not concentrating much on customer relation management for stabilising business consistently. Traditional grocers have more advantage over online grocers in this area. Conclusion:- Online shopping and home delivery service is one of the critical aspects of e-grocery business. E-grocery business should have to understand the variable cost affecting structures and service concepts in order to turn online grocery business into profitable one. The different strategies were discussed. Analysing and adopting best strategy for e-grocery business is mast important. This literature provided insight of e-groceries. In a service context, as with product marketing, getting and keeping customers is of utmost importance. With service, in particular, someone within the organization will interact with customers; hence they should be viewed as customer relationships not just customers. Customer relationships have to be built and a useful way of viewing these developments as a life cycle. The marketing objective will change as the customer proceeds through the cycle. Understanding service marketing is becoming increasingly important for all organizations as more firms seek to differentiate their product or services through their service offering. Interaction and customer relationship concepts, two key areas of service marketing are set to be of even greater importance to all firms in the future. Research Methodology Research topic: Strategic and Economic analysis of E-grocery system in Tesco and Sainsbury (Online shopping and home delivery methods). Background Of Home Delivery System And Its Characteristics- Home delivery is generally defined as delivering of all types of goods to customers homes (or any different location opted by customer – example workplace) regardless online or any other order forms such as traditional mailing, telephone-based ordering (phone order), internet, fax or order made in person by consumer in store premises. The study is carried out in business to customer order delivery system rather than business to business. Home delivery system refers to all household goods delivered to consumers house (the destination may change such as work place on customers selection). Hence in online shopping and home delivery method the purchased physical household goods is carried out to customers destination by specialised home delivery unit or companies instead of customers themselves. There are some reasons for home deliveries like (i) may be the retail outlet itself provide an additional service to their customers or ( ii) may be customer do not like to carry the shopped goods at that instance or the required product may be out-of-stock at that moment or (iii) due to goods weight or size ( if it became difficulty to customer to transport by themselves) or (iv) because the seller itself does not have any physical store and may be its complete operation depends on the virtual online store. Thus customer may face impossible situation to collect the goods in store by themselves. (Farahmand and Young, 1998; Nielsen, 2000) Problem Statement:- On one hand, many customers are interested to do online shopping for their household goods, but yet they are not interest to abandon shopping in-store in traditional way. Most of the people still believed that, online shopping is too expensive. On the other hand, many more industries also made their effort to build online stores by providing this extra service to the customers. Organisations are continuously striving hard to build different strategic approaches for fulfilment of orders in profitable way. However, online unit business will add extra expenditure to grocers with or without some nominal charges. The profit margin is comparably very low in e-grocery to traditional one. Many grocers have undertaken to provide online shopping experience for their customers with different strategies. Profit margin is very low and sustainability in this industry is difficult. In the history of grocery sector many more companies introduced online shopping and home delivery units and failed. Purpose Of The Study:- The online shopping and home delivery is still in emergent phase. E-grocery business is very challenging field and it provides an extraordinary opportunities for business. E-groceries made many more efforts to implement various strategies and service concepts, there is no much research carried out in this area. This research study is provides insight of e-grocery methods in retail sector, identifies operating strategies and strategic and economic analysis of home delivery methods in Sainsbury and Tesco. Main Research Questions:- This research study is carried out to understand the factors of e-grocery success by trying to find answer to following research questions. How Tescos and Sainsburys online units are functioning strategies to its success? What are the business models they are following? How are they processing their order? Should they use warehouse system or in-store picking system? Whether home delivery system is profitable or not? How should online unit function to achieve operational efficiency and how they are managing customer relationship? Hypothesis: Home delivery is neither a profitable nor a strategic contributor to Tesco and Sainsbury. Research Objectives:- The objective of this study is to find out the above was mentioned research explained empirically by using various research methods. Our approach is comparative in nature. The steps adopted in our study are as follows: (1) Identification of the industries under study; (2) Study of background of the industries; (3) Interpretation of appropriateness of strategies and methods of individual firm; (4) Analysis of home delivery methods impact on organisational performance from individual firm. Research Approach And Methodology:- Research data collection is carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. It will become difficult to distinguish between these two methods. Generally quantitative research method means collecting numerical data or coded information for objective analysis, data will be later interpreted. Qualitative research method is data collection by observations by peoples activity generally and they are noted in coded description. However, this codified information can be used for later analysis. The important form of this method is often reporting and interpretations by researcher by timely observation. A semi structured interview will be carried out during research which consists of analysis of six Sainsbury and six Tesco stores for data collection about home delivery. Interviews will be carried out with key persons like grocery manager, online delivery driver, and duty manager etc in each store to collect the quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data will be calcul ated and qualitative data will be gathered for analysis. And results will be drawn from the following methods. This study uses semi-structured quantitative primary analysis (interview for data collection) and majorly uses qualitative method (secondary source) to identify UK grocery sector and to focus to answer research questions stated. Interviews will provide large amount of information which is main source of information and key pathway for time-constrained studies such as this (Esterberg, 2002). Case Study And Historical Analysis Method:- According to Yin (1989), there are mainly five major investigating methods in social science research namely surveys, archival analysis, case studies, experiments and historical analysis. He also distinguish them on the basis of three criteria; those are i) what kind of research question will be asked, ii) what will the degree of control over present behavioural consequences and iii) present emphasis compared to past events. Case studies and historical analysis are desirable approaches to evaluate strategies of organisations. These methods are useful to describe and answer the â€Å"how† and/or â€Å"why† scenario when events happen beyond researcher control and also while researching present phenomenon in real-life time. Inductive and deductive approaches will be used for analysis of research data. Inductive way means drawing the general conclusions from researcher based on empirical grounds. Deductive approach means drawing the conclusions from researchers logica l reasoning (Ghauri,et.Al,. 1995). This study focus on collecting information regarding operational strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury and to understand, why they are providing online shopping facility to customers while many of the supermarket failed to stay in game. During the process of study, the companies actions or strategic implementations from them are beyond the control of researcher, case study and historical analysis methods will be best, for a part of research. Meta-Analysis:- On this part, research study is carried out through qualitative meta-analysis for selected e-grocery organisations. Answers to main research questions will be collected qualitatively for each individual case (Lyons, 2003). The collected data will be analysed and possible relationships between business models and various out comes will be fetched out. This method is used to compare operations characteristics and strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury from the gathered data. This is the systematic approach for cross comparison of business models. There are few draw backs in meta-analysis such as, since data collected from various sources hence results quality is directly depends on the quality of source. Another, may companies may use similar strategic approach to achieve their goals which may be rarely identical. There is no unique approach to analyse data for meta-analysis. This effort is made to reveal answers from confirmed information from various sources (Graney and Engle, 1990). Significance And Limitations:- The study is carried out on case studies and available literature for the analysis of success in online grocery business, hope this study helps to find the major research questions. Study carried out to compare business models of only two named companies. This study is limited to only e-grocery business of Tesco and Sainsburys home delivery methods. Dissertation will be carried out only in the grocery section and applicability of results to other departments is not recommended. Dissertation will be carried out for sample quantity which will restrict the chances of generalisation. References:- AC Nielsen (2000) the Retail Pocket Book, 2000. Burke, R. R. 1997. Real Shopping in a Virtual Store. Peterson R. A. (editor). Electronic Marketing and the Consumer. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 81-88. Boedeker, M. 1997. Recreational Shopping, The role of the basic emotional dimensions of personality. Turku: Publications of the Turk u School of Economics and Business Administration. Series A-9:1997 Blythman, Joanna (2005) Shopped: The Shocking Power of British Supermarkets, Second Edition, 2005, Harper Perennial, Hammersmith. Ramus, K. and Nielsen, N.A. (2005). Online Grocery Retailing: What Do Consumers Think? Internet Research, 15 (3), 335-352. Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, 79 (3), 62-78. Hong, S. and Kim J. (2004). Architectural Criteria for Website Evaluation Conceptual Framework And Empirical Validation. Behaviour and Information Technology, 23 (5), 337-357. Teo, T.S.H., (2002). Attitudes toward Online Shoppi ng and the Internet. Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (4), 259-271. Hong, S. and Kim J. (2004). Architectural Criteria for Website Evaluation Conceptual Framework And Empirical Validation. Behaviour and Information Technology, 23 (5), 337-357. Anderson Consulting (2000), E-Europe: connecting the dots, Anderson consulting. Australian Federal Government 2000, Privacy Act, Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000( Cth), Canberra, Australia. Smith, E. 2000, E-Loyalty: How to Keep Customers Coming Back To Your Website, Harper Business, New York. Ghauri, P.N., Gronhaug, K., Kristianslund, I. (1995), †Research Methods in Business Studies – A Practical Guide†, Prentice Hall 1995 Esterberg, K G (2002) Qualitative Methods in Social Research, 2002, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Delaney-Klinger, K., Boyer, K. K., Frohlich, M. (2003). The return of online grocery shopping: a comparative analysis of Webvan and Tescos operational methods. The TQM Magazin e, 15(3), 187-196. Graney, M. J. Engle, V. F. (1990, September). Meta-analysis techniques. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, Fox, M. A., Kempiak, M. (2006). Online grocery shopping: Consumer motives, concerns, and business models. Friends of the Earth (2005), Briefing: The Tesco Takeover, June 2005, Friends of the Earth, London. Kotler, Philip (1996) Marketing Management – Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, Eighth Edition, 1996, Prentice Hall. Europe. Pachauri, Moneesha (2002) Consumer Behaviour; a Literature Review, The Marketing Review, 2002, 2, pp. 319–355. Smith, Howard (2004) Supermarket Choice and Supermarket Competition in Market Equilibrium, The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 71, 2004, pp235-263. McLaughlin, K. (2005). Pricelines ex-CEO puts eggs in basket of an online grocer. Wall Street Journal, p. B7 Russell Aylott and Vincent- Wayne Mitchell, 1998- â€Å"An exploratory study of grocery shopping stressors†- International Journal of retailing and distribution management, volume 26, number 9, 1998, Pp.363 Spufford, M (1994) the pedlar, The Historian and the Folklorist: Seventeenth Century Communications, Folklore, Vol. 105, pp. 13-24. Farahmand, R and Young, M. (1998) Home shopping and its future. Paper presented at the 10th annual TRICS conference, 22-23rd September. Webb, G. (2000) â€Å"The multi-channel route – and need to keep a cool head†, in E-logistics Magazine, September. Tesco (2000), Tesco press release –i-village and Tesco.com, 19th July. Verdict (2006a), How Britain Shops 2006: Food and Grocery, Verdict Research Limited, May 2006, London. Woodside, Arch G. and Randolph J. Trappey (1992) Finding out why customers shop your store and buy your brand: Automatic cognitive processing models of primary choice, Journal of Advertising Research, November/December 1992, pp.52-78. Yin, R.K. (1989), â€Å"Case Study Research: Design and Me thods†, Sage Publications 1989 https://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/ ,accessed on 22/09/09

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According to the article, â€Å"Slavery in America† on the website History, slavery began

The Effects Of Fracking On The American Public - 2044 Words

No matter what the government does to promote hydraulic fracturing, it is still going to be extremely unappealing to those knowledgeable on the topic. As Lisa Bracken states, â€Å"Crap is crap no matter what package you put it in† (GasLand). Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the process of drilling about a mile into the shale below. Once the shale has been reached, water, sand, and a mixture of over 500 chemicals are injected into the Earth. When the pressure of the Earth hits a certain point, a portion of the injected water flows back up to the surface and the well begins to produce the valuable resource known as natural gas (McElroy and Lu 27). Fracking currently occupies thirty-four states and is quickly expanding. The government is†¦show more content†¦While the government states that fracking poses little threat to the environment, Wheeler is absolutely correct when stating that there is indeed a significant threat, as there is a copious amount of evidence t hat supports this. After viewing Fox’s documentary and reading various articles on fracking, there is no doubt that the quality of water and wildlife in the affected areas are at a serious risk. Wayne Smith, a farmer in Clearville, Pennsylvania, earned a large sum of money after leasing his 105-acre farm to a gas company for drilling, however, he now is regretting that decision. As a result of the drilling performed on his property, Smith realized that, â€Å"his livestock mysteriously dropped dead after having motor-skill breakdowns; a veterinarian said the deaths could be attributed to arsenic, high levels of which were found in water on Smith’s property† (Bateman 38). This threat to the wildlife has an overwhelming affect on those who rely on their livestock as their income. This lost income, as a result of fallen livestock, hits these families hard. Not only can they not drink their water, but they are also now faced with their families livelihood disappeari ng. Debbie May, a resident that Fox interviewed in his documentary, also experienced significant health problems with her animals. Fox describes the conditions of her cats by stating, â€Å"their hair was falling out† and

Minimum Wage For The State Of California - 2115 Words

At one point or another Americans have all had first jobs and those entry-level positions most always consist of entry-level pay. Meaning an employee cannot be legally paid a cent less than what is defined as minimum wage. Though every state has its own specific rate at which to pay its employees, some margins between states differ more than others. In the state of California the minimum wage is $10 per hour, for now that is. Government officials that take into account many factors regarding the health of the economy now and in the future determine this rate. For many people of the state that living wage is still not enough. So today the public has voted that the minimum wage should be increased to $15 an hour. Seeing the benefits early†¦show more content†¦Whether your arguments are for or against the rise in minimum wage there’s no way to perfect one rate that suits well with all of California. Example, the wage needed for a high cost area like San Francisco is goin g to be rather different than the wage a person would need in El Centro, which is highest in the state for unemployment (Perry 2). Say one uses a slightly different approach, that $15 an hour is good for a place like San Francisco because local wages can support itself if the economy were to go bad. That will not go off well if the same wage rate is in poverty stricken El Centro because of the lack of financial support. The rise in wage will negatively affect those in less fortunate communities. California being known for its forward thinking ideas, shall now become the state with the most damaging public policies put into place. A support of this argument lays out the main issue clearly, â€Å"When government artificially raises wages, it increases unemployment. Anyone should be able to understand that when labor costs are increase by government force, businesses often have no choice but to cut jobs if they are to remain profitable†(â€Å"Authors of California† 2). Ex claiming the main issue that businesses will do what they must to stay afloat. The ironically cruel thing is that the ones that will be losing jobs were most likely the people completely for the wage increases. George Mason

Juvenile Delinquency Essay examples - 1465 Words

As stated by Bartol and Bartol â€Å"Juvenile delinquency is an imprecise, nebulous, social, clinical, and legal label for a wide variety of law- and norm-violating behavior† (2011, Pg 139). The juvenile delinquency term has come to imply disgrace in todays correctional institution. Our government is up hold to procedures and expected to come with a solution to solving the delinquent problem. An underage offender can be labeled a delinquent for breaking any number of laws, ranging from robbery to running away from home, and especially being involved in school violence. The following situations faced by correction officials when dealing with juvenile delinquents will be examined. Three main areas (child development, punishments, and deterrence†¦show more content†¦Children need to have a role model in their presence to advocate educational activities, community involvement, and avoiding contact with the law for bad behavior. As Baker states, â€Å"Delinquents are made , not born† (1991, Pg. 274). Possible noncriminal behaviors that may affect a juvenile to become delinquent include; child neglect and/ or abuse, termination of parental rights, foster home placements, those beyond parental control, interfamily assault and other criminal acts (Baker, 1991, Pg. 275). Parents must learn to teach family conflict intervention, management problems, favorable parental attitudes and involvement in problem behaviors. At an early age we learn to do what it thought, showed, and have the adult figure set the example in our lives. For example, helping with academic failure, avoid delinquent criminal peers, and guide away from drug use and crime. Adolescent problem behaviors start with the parents, then move into the community, and society must respond by providing alternative programs and institutions to help the problem. Moreover, punishment for juvenile delinquents may be the only resource available for correction officials. The juvenile justice system defines three categories of offenders: dependent, neglected, and delinquent. As defined by Seiter, â€Å"dependent children have committed no legal offense but may be without a family (parent or guardian) or without support, possibly the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity,Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency1154 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion In common parlance, there is an understanding of juvenile delinquency as meaning adolescents breaking the law or participating in mischievous behavior. Defining juveniles as being under the age of 18 years is the general rule of thumb because, in the current legal system, upon reaching this age individuals can be tried as adults, serve in the military, and, in some states, consume alcohol. (Reckless, 1972) One may ask why juvenile delinquency is viewed as a separate construct from adult deviantRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2109 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Delinquency 1 Juvenile Delinquency: Features, Causes and Solutions Shen Cheng Class: 110 Teacher: Stephanie February 29, 2012 Juvenile Delinquency 2 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Nowadays, there is no denying that Juvenile Delinquency has become one of the hottest social issues. The features, causes, and solutions of Juvenile Delinquency will be discussed about in this research. II. The features of Juvenile Delinquency A. The average age of juveniles who commitRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2343 Words   |  10 PagesOpener: B. Thesis statement: This term paper explores how family issues attribute to juvenile delinquency and how to overcome it. II. First and foremost, an unstable family structure is one of the contributing factors to juvenile delinquency. A. Single-parent household vs. two-parent household B. Child maltreatment 1. emotional neglect 2. physical abuse III. Secondly, studies have shown that juvenile delinquency is conclusively related to the family environment. A. Family cohesion B. Increasing numberRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Adult Delinquency2861 Words   |  12 PagesAlexis Kelly SOC 333 William Franks Spring 2015 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs What is juvenile delinquency? Juvenile delinquency relates to minors who commit law violations. Instead of adults commiting â€Å"crimes’, juveniles are considered to commit â€Å"delinquent acts†. Society sees juvenile delinquents as immature and in need of guidance, which is different to adults, who are seen to be responsible for their crimes. Juvenile delinquency can occur in any community, neighborhood, and schoolsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2264 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency is the participation of illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. A delinquent is a minor who commits a crime or a status offense. A status offense is conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age i.e. smoking cigarettes (Senna 10, 20). The cases of Eric Smith, Lionel Tate, and an unidentified NJ child are similar only because, they are guilty of killing another child, but the Criminal Justice System treated and punished them very different lyRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesDay in and day out residents and visitors to the Boston area are affected by juvenile crime and delinquency. Though the crime rates in MA and across the nation are on a steady decline, these juvenile crimes are still considered a serious matter that needs attention. It is thought that juvenile offenders do not cope as well with the criminal justice system as well as adults may be able to and therefore there needs to be a focus on how the system can better aid in the rehabilitation of these youthfulRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreThe And Prevention Of Juvenile Delinquency970 Words   |  4 PagesJuveniles in the justice system is an issue relevant not only to people in the criminal justice system but to society in general. There have been a number of studies done that link serious behavior problems in children to adult criminal conduct. In more recent years, there has been more research done regarding the causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. The Department of Juvenile Justice lists 3 broad categories with many subcategories to help us understand what contributes to juvenile delinquencyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violence

A Memo to the President of the Big Private University Free Essays

Madam, the recent events that have brought our university within the media’s limelight may possibly give problems to the University, if no immediate action is taken. Allow me to outline the events and the possible NCAA infractions that our university may incur. The University is in the middle of an NCAA-imposed probation. We will write a custom essay sample on A Memo to the President of the Big Private University or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such, any additional infraction may seriously compromise the university’s status in the NCAA. The following incidents involving our male football team may lead to unwanted additional infractions: a total of 12 student-athletes had grade point averages ranging from 1.60 to 1.75; and Billy Joel, the team’s current quarterback, made an oral agreement on future possible plans with Whitney Houston, a sports agent. Allow me to expound on my point. The fact that five juniors, two sophomores, and five starters on defense have averages from 1.60 to 1.75 goes against the academic standards set my NCAA. The five starters, all of whom were freshmen last year, had averages lower than the NCAA set average of 1.8. The NCAA Backgrounder on Academic Reform clearly states the following: â€Å"Freshmen in college are required to complete 24 hours of course work and have at least a 1.8 grade-point average.† The low GPAs of the other student-athletes may also compromise another rule of the NCAA. The fact that these students have averages ranging from 1.60 to 1.75 may mean that they have failing marks which may greatly affect the completion of their degree requirements. Again, the said backgrounder is univocal: â€Å"Student-athletes entering college are required to complete 40 percent of their degree requirements by the end of their second year, 60 percent by the end of year three, and 80 percent by the end of year four.† I will personally look into this matter and investigate on the completion rates of the degree requirements of these concerned students. Nevertheless I think it is important for your good office to be aware of this potential problem. All in all, this lower than required grade point average of some of our student athletes undermines the NCAA’s set Academic Progress Rate (APR) of 925. Not complying with the APR will mean a contemporaneous penalty for the football team which, in plain language, refers to cuts in financial aids and scholarships granted to individuals in the team. Madam, it is also bothersome that the coaching staff hid these from the school administration. I cannot pinpoint who exactly in the coaching staff is culpable, but once NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions holds its own investigation, the university as an entity might not the only one to be given a sanction; individuals from the coaching staff (and other individuals from related departments) may also be held individually liable and as such, individual sanctions may be imposed against them. The last concern that I think should be brought up to your office is the fact that Billy Joel made an oral agreement with Whitney Houston, a sports agent, as he was threatened by the possibility that Marshall Mathers might take his place as quarterback. Again, NCAA is clear in its memo to directors of athletics dated October 6, 2006, that student athletes are not allowed to have a written or oral agreement with an agent who represents a sports agency. We must bear in mind that even if Joel’s agreement rests on the future possibility of Mathers replacing him, such an oral agreement on future plans is also not allowed: student athletes may not â€Å"agree to be represented by an agent in the future† (NCAA, â€Å"A Career in Professional Athletics: A Guide for Making the Transition,† 2004, p. 26). This also highlights the fact that Mr. Joel did not inform either his coach or his compliance coordinator regarding these matters. These are the NCAA-related concerns that I thought would be best to be brought up to your office. Thank you. References (2006-07). NCAA waiver of initial academic eligibility requirements pursuant to NCAA bylaw 14.3, application instructions. (2006-07). NCAA waiver of initial academic eligibility requirements pursuant to NCAA bylaw 14.3, waiver application. NCAA (2004). A Career in professional athletics: A guide for making the transition. NCAA (2005). NCAA backgrounder on athletic reform. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/. NCAA (2005).APR questions and answers. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/. NCAA (2005).Infractions case: Lincoln University. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/. How to cite A Memo to the President of the Big Private University, Essay examples

The Theme of Society in Pride and Prejudice free essay sample

Originally written in the late 1700s, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice satirically depicts the universal ideals in Old Regency England, primarily regarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her wealthy upper-class neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationship with the wellborn Bingleys and their friend, Mr.Darcy. It is clear that the author, Jane Austen, intended Pride and Prejudice to be a parody of the Old English society’s extreme emphasis on the social class structure and marriage that is not based on the heart but instead on convenience. Although our present-day social class system is more flexible than it was back then, members of the elite, especially celebrities, are still more apt to marry other upper-class citizens, rather than their social inferiors. For example, in today’s society it is the standard for rock stars, actors and models to pursue partners from a comparable social class. Similarly, a marriage between Fitzwilliam Darcy and Anne de Bourgh, daughter of the distinguished Lady Catherine de Bourgh, is expected because both parties are of equally notable lineage and hail from the same prestigious family. The union between the two aristocrats was planned â€Å"while in their cradles†, according to Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who makes a trip to Longbourn to see Elizabeth after hearing that she is engaged to Anne’s â€Å"future husband†.Lady Catherine is horrified that the anticipated matrimony may â€Å"be prevented by a young woman of inferior birth, of no importance in the world, and wholly unallied to the family† and makes every effort to prevent any chance of an engagement between Elizabeth and Darcy. During this confrontation, Lady de Bourgh’s behavior towards Elizabeth is quite a stonishing and completely supports society’s upper class prejudices and narrow-minded ignorant views towards the lower classes. If Lady de Bourgh had not had such stately ancestry, she may have lowered her social status with her ridiculous conduct.Lady Catherine’s ludicrousness is most likely taken from her haughty ego, which society has helped create by holding the upper class up on a pedestal. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen speaks of a world where a person’s, more importantly a woman’s, reputation is a paramount obsession. A woman is made to believe to have to behave in certain ways; stepping outside the social normality makes her open to being banished from mainstream society. A prime example of this is when Lydia gets an invitation to visit and stay with the officers. Of course, Mrs.Bennet, the most obvious, oblivious, loud social conscious creature of Longbourn is all â€Å"happy go lucky† when she hears of Lydia’s call. Mr. Bennet who is the most stoic contradictory of Mrs. Bennet is even excited. However, when the news provoking invitation turns into a merciless elopement between Mr. Wickham and Lydia Bennet it sends shockwaves through the Bennet household. By becoming Wickham’s lover without being married, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social â€Å"norm†, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family and their standing in society.The fact that Lydia’s terrible judgment would have condemned the other Bennet sisters to marriage less lives is a ridiculous but accurate tell of the stress put on the hierarchy that is Old English society. This theme also appears in the novel when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with a muddy skirt, to the horror of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley. At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs. Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the snobbish Darcys and Bingleys.Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples, but when Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock, the author treats reputation and class as a very serious matter. Society is closely related to reputation, in that both have the strictly scrutinized way of life for the social classes of England. Even though the gap between the upper classmen Bingleys and the lower or middle classmen Bennets is as wide as the Amazon River, the Bennets may socialize with the Bingleys.However, they are obviously the lower level socialites and are treated as so. A prominent example of this discrimination was the Bingley sisters’ rude and disrespectful manner towards Elizabeth while she stayed at Pemberley to comfort Jane when she was overcoming her sickness. Austen again satirizes this kind of severe class-consciousness in the character of Mr. Collins, who spends most of his time sucking up to his upper-class patron Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Though Mr.Collins offers an extreme example, he is not the only one to hold such views. His view of the importance of class is shared by Mr. Darcy, who believes in the dignity of his roots; Miss Bingley, who dislikes anyone not as socially accepted as she is; and Wickham, who will do anything he can to get enough money to raise himself into a higher station. The satire directed at Mr. Collins is therefore also more subtly directed at the entire social hierarchy and the conception of all those within it, in complete disregard of other, more worthy virtues.Through the Darcy-Elizabeth and Bingley-Jane marriages, Austen shows the power of love and happiness can actually overcome class boundaries and prejudices, thereby showing that even if prejudices are hollow, unfeeling, and unproductive they can turn out to mean nothing to some people. Nonetheless, people similar to Miss Bingley as well as her friends are still trapped in the warped obsessive ladder that is the autocratic society that Jane Austen portrays throughout Pride and Prejudice. Words: 941

Essay on How does Heat Transfer Works Example For Students

Essay on How does Heat Transfer Works I chose the topic of heat transfer because I find it really intriguing to learn about. I wanted to look further into how heat from two substances reacts with one another through another material that was placed between them. I will be looking at how to calculate the rate of heat transfer in a one dimensional space. This means that I will only be focusing on two temperatures, one hot and one cold, and a medium of which the heat will pass through. External factors such as other temperatures and time will not be used as they are for three dimensional spaces. Heat is a type of energy that transfers between two pieces of matter that have different temperatures. There are three ways heat can be transferred. The first way is through radiation and the second is convection. The third way is through conduction which is when an object or material conducts the heat from one substance through itself and to another. This is the method I will be focusing on. As stated in the second law of thermodynamics, heat flows from the matter or objects with the higher temperature to the one containing lower temperature and is not possible from cold to hot. This will continue until both objects have reached a thermal equilibrium. At this point, one object does not contain a higher temperature than the other, so the heat transfer ends. The rate at which the heat is transferred depends on the composition of the material that separates the two temperatures. For example, the rate at which heat flows from hot water to cold water through a copper cup will be different than if the cup is porcelain. The rate that the heat energy is transferred is directly proportionate to the rate at which the temperature changes. Also, since the lower temperature is gaining the same amount of heat that the higher temperature is losing, the graphs of these two should be negative reciprocals of each other. The higher temperature ‘A’ will generally have a negative slope whereas the lower temperature ‘B’ will have a positive slope. When both A and B have the same temperature, as mentioned before, they have reached a thermal equilibrium and therefore will have a slope of zero as neither one is gaining or losing heat. This chart represents the increase and decrease in temperature due to the loss and gain of heat. It does not represent any set data and is not a completely accurate diagram. The heat that the hot water loses is gained by the cold water. This continues until the hot water is the same temperature as the cold water. At this point, neither one is warmer nor colder than the other, so the transfer stops, resulting in a gradient of zero. To start off, I have two variables to work with. The first variable is the difference in temperature of the two objects; in this case, it is water. The second variable is the composition of the material that is separating the two different temperatures. I have considered this variable because it is directly involved with the heat transfer as the heat energy is passing from one object, through the material, and into the second object. As mentioned before, heat flows from the region with the higher temperature to the region with the lower temperature. Let G represent the rate at which the heat is transferred through conduction. This should be equivalent to the temperature gradient of dT/dx , where T(x) is the temperature and x is the distance travelled in the same direction and the heat is flowing. G=dT/dx However, with the current equation, there is no variable for the area of which the heat is transferring through. It only states that the gradient of dT/dx is the rate at which heat is transferred. It implies that the heat transfer between two substances will be the same if the area is 5cm2 and if it is 5km2. Area is another variable that affects the rate at which heat transfers. The larger the area of a medium, the more heat is transferred because there is more surface area that is conducting the heat from one substance and into another. An example of this is a large window in a building compared to a smaller one. Rooms with large windows tend to be colder because more heat has been lost from there. G=A dT/dx dT/dx is the temperature gradient in the direction which is normal to the area. This equation includes the area (A) of the surface that the heat is passing through, but it does not factor in the conductivity of the material placed between the two substances. Let the variable c represent the thermal conductivity of the material involved in the transfer. G=K A dT/dx In addition, the second law of thermodynamics states that heat energy must flow from a warmer region to a colder one. A negative sign must be placed on the right side of the above equation since the heat is being transferred in the direction of increasing x values will result in a positive quantity. .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .postImageUrl , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:hover , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:visited , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:active { border:0!important; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:active , .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1eb2ee37c20adaa25ca0e0a2cce839a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biology: The Thermodynamics of Protein-Protein Interactions EssayConduction heat flow ΔT/Δx is negative if the value of x increases while the temperature decreases G=-k A dT/dx The equation, G=-k A dT/dx , can be altered to form another equation. G=-k A dT/dx G/A=(-k A dT/dx)/A G/A=-k dT/dx G/A=∠«_T1^T2ââ€"’ã€â€"-k dT/dxã€â€" G/A=-∠«_T1^T2ââ€"’ã€â€"k dT/dxã€â€" T1 represents the hotter temperature. T2 represents the colder temperature. The area (A) is expressed in squared metres (m2). The temperature (K) is expressed in Kelvin. X is expressed in metres. The rate of heat flow is expressed in watts (W). The thermal conductivity (k) is measured as watts per metre per kelvin. Material Thermal Conductivity W/m K Copper 399 Aluminum 237 Carbon Steel, 1% C 43 Glass 0.81 Plastics 0.2-0.3 Water 0.6 Ethylene Glycol 0.26 Engine Oil 0.15 Freon (Liquid) 0.07 Hydrogen 0.18 Air 0.026 Thermal conductivity chart of different materials Thermal resistance is when a material resists the heat from flowing. The equation for thermal resistance is: R= L/Ak L stands for thickness A stands for area k stands for thermal conductivity G=ΔT/(L/Ak) G=Ak/L(T1-T2) These equations are measured in k/W which is equivalent to  °C/W. Using these equations, I can find the thermal resistance and the rate of heat transfer through a medium. Take for example, a large aluminum slate (k = 237 W/m K) of which the dimensions are 1 metre (m) in height, 0.5 metres (m) as the width, and a 0.5 centimetre (cm) thickness (depth) where the exterior temperature is 25 °C and the interior temperature is 30 °C. Thermal resistance: R= L/Ak R= (0.005 m)/(1 m Ãâ€"0.5 m Ãâ€"237 W/m K) R= 4.2194Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-5) k/W Rate of heat loss: G=Ak/L(T1-T2) G=((T1-T2))/R G=((30-25) °C )/(4.2194 Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-10 ) k/W) G=(5 °C)/(4.2194 Ãâ€"ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-10 ) k/W) G=118,500 W This graph shows the change is temperature as a result of heat transfer over time. One temperature starts off much warmer than the other. As the process of heat transfer commences, the hot temperature loses heat and gets cooler. At the same time, the cold temperature gains the lost heat and becomes warmer. When both have reached a thermal equilibrium, there is no more heat to transfer and both remain the same temperature. Heat transfer that takes place in a room is similar to the examples I have given, except that it occurs in three dimensional spaces. This means that other factors are required to make the equations work and come up with an appropriate answer. From these equations, other ones can be created to solve many other problems on heat transfer. Anywhere that temperature exists, there is some sort of heat transfer happening. By predicting, analysing, and testing any equation in thermodynamics, we can learn how to conserve heat and energy for when we actually do need it. Bibliography Kreith, Frank, and Mark S. Bohn. Principles of Heat Transfer, 6th ed. New York: Brooks/Cole, 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. â€Å"16.4 Thermal Resistance Circuits.†, http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node118.html The Physics Classroom. â€Å"Rates of Heat Transfer.†, http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/u18l1f.cfm